Black Gold: Sumerian Bitumen Recipes Worked Like Asphalt, 4,000 Years Ago Sumerian craftspeople in Mesopotamia didn’t simply scoop up natural bitumen and slap it on boats or bricks. A new materials study suggests they followed repeatable “recipes” that controlled strength, flexibility, and waterproofing in ways that look surprisingly familiar to modern asphalt engineering. The research focuses on Abu Tbeirah in southern Iraq and shows that additives such as plant fibers and mineral inclusions were not random contamination, but part of deliberate composite design. That finding helps explain how Sumer’s cities and trade networks functioned in a landscape of marshes, waterways, and mudbrick architecture.Why was Ancient Middle Eastern Bitumen Discovered in an Anglo-Saxon Boat Burial?4,000-Year-Old Mesopotamian Boat Near Uruk Rescued A study that reads bitumen like an engineerThe underlying substance is Sumerian bitumen: a naturally occurring petroleum material (often called an asphalt-like “black goo”) long associated with waterproofing and adhesion, and even with far-reaching trade. Readers may already know how bitumen shows up in unexpected places, from Mesopotamian rivercraft to later “bitumen trade networks.”  Gary Manners 19 February, 2026 - 23:47 Section Ancient Technology Artifacts News History & Archaeology