After nearly three decades of conservation and intensive study and planning by engineers and conservators, the Penn Museum has reassembled the five-ton false door from the Tomb Chapel of Kaipure and installed it its new Egyptian gallery on the main floor. Almost 100 limestone blocks forming the rest of the chapel will join the false door to reconstruct the entire tomb chapel over the next few weeks. The limestone offering chamber dates to around 2350 B.C., the late 5th or early 6th Dynasty of Egypt’s Old Kingdom. It was one of two chambers in the above-ground portion of the tomb of Kaipure, a treasury official, documented at the Old Kingdom cemetery at Saqqara in the 19th century. The tomb was dismantled and transported to the United States for Egypt’s pavilion at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition in St. Louis, aka the World’s Fair of Meet me in St. Louis fame, in 1904. The Penn Museum (then called the Free Museum of Science and Art) heard Egypt was willing to sell it and bought the chapel a few months after the World’s Fair for $10,000 ($265,000 in today’s money). After they secured the limestone blocks of the Kaipure chapel, they found the whole thing was too heavy to install on the second floor where they’d planned it to go, so it could not be immediately placed on display because they were too heavy. Twenty years later, the chapel was finally installed in the new wing of the museum. It was on display there for 70 years. In 1996, the Penn Museum embarked on a conservation project that would fully restore the west wall, including the false door, followed by the south and east walls. Its carved hieroglyphic inscriptions and vivid painting have been restored brilliance. This ambitious endeavor is at long last reaching its conclusion, and next year, the fully restored Kaipure chapel will be the centerpiece of the museum’s new Egypt Galleries: Life and Afterlife. Once completed, visitors will be able to move through the monumental structure and experience what it feels like to be inside an ancient tomb chapel. “To preserve the experience of going into a large space like the funerary chapel, the conservation process is a complex and collaborative effort,” says Julia Commander, Senior Project Conservator at the Penn Museum. “Every level of detail matters—from the smallest trace of original pigment to the structure’s overall layout.” The museum has created a cool timelapse video showing the reinstallation of the false door.

1938 - Utrecht Central Station destroyed by fire 1989 - Brazil elects conservative Fernando Collor de Mello as president 1992 - "A Christmas Carol" opens at Broadhurst Theater NYC for 22 performances 2007 - Republic of Lakotah asserts independence from the United States 2013 - Angela Merkel is elected Chancellor of Germany for a third term 2015 - Martin Shkreli, CEO of Turing Pharmaceuticals is arrested on fraud charges in New York by the FBI 2019 - Former Pakistan President Pervez Musharraf sentenced to death in absentia for high treason 2021 - Discovery of the first true millipede (Eumillipes persephone) with 1,000 legs found down a drill hole in Western Australia is published in "Scientific Reports" More Historical Events »

Click here to view slideshow Some say that journalism is a first rough draft of history. And nothing shows that more clearly than famous newspaper headlines. Some of these headlines broadcast shocking events — like assassinations — without offering a hint about what they'll lead to. Others capture the horror of tragedies, like the 9/11 attacks or the Titanic sinking. And some stories, operating on inaccurate information, get the story wrong. In the gallery above, look through 33 of the most famous newspaper front pages from history, headlines that capture everything from the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand to the election of Barack Obama. Famous Newspaper Headlines Covering Major Historical Events As news of the Titanic sinking spread, many people heard the story from newspapers. It took time, but the magnitude of the tragedy became clear. Public DomainCoverage of the Titanic disaster, which happened in April 1912. It was especially shocking because the world had followed the construction of the Titanic in newspapers from the beginning — many people knew about its size, its luxurious amenities (including a gym), and the details of its maiden voyage. Then, after the ship sank, newspaper audiences read about the Titanic's survivors, its most famous victims, and the iceberg that sank it. By the 1920s, radio had become a popular way to report the news as well, but people around the world continued to rely on newspapers to learn about the day's events. Famous headlines in the 20th century announced the ascension of Adolf Hitler as Chancellor of Germany, the 1963 March on Washington — and Martin Luther King Jr.'s "I Have a Dream" speech — and the historical resignation of President Richard Nixon. But these first rough drafts of history often only captured the moment. They usually didn't reveal what would come next, or how one event could lead to another. And, indeed, some of these drafts were very "rough." Newspaper Headlines That Got The Story Wrong National Science and Media MuseumEarly reports of the Titanic sinking were upbeat, with some newspapers even reporting that no one had been killed. When the Titanic sank in April 1912, more than 1,500 people died, including the ship's captain, its band, and many of its passengers. But early reports about the Titanic tragedy were upbeat — at first, some newspapers reported that everyone on board the doomed ship had survived. Other famous headlines similarly got things wrong. One of the most well-known came in 1948, when the Chicago Daily Tribune confidently declared: "Dewey Defeats Truman." In fact, President Harry Truman had won an upset victory over his political opponent Thomas Dewey, meaning that Truman would serve another term in office. The photo of Truman triumphantly holding the newspaper is among the most famous in American history. But while most of the famous newspaper headlines in the gallery above are accurate, they often show only a small piece of the history that they're covering. Initial coverage of 9/11, for example, simply expresses the horror of the terrorist attacks, before more specific details about the perpetrators, the victims, and the heroes of the day emerged — and Americans had a better idea of where the attacks would lead their country in the future. Similarly, newspaper headlines about the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand certainly couldn't have predicted how the aftermath of the murder would lead to the widespread violence of World War I, or that a "rare cancer" infecting gay men in the early 1980s would balloon into the AIDS epidemic. Indeed, famous headlines are something of a rough draft of history. But they also capture the immediacy of a moment, the thrill or tragedy of a major world event. In the gallery above, look through some of the most famous newspaper headlines from the 20th and 21st centuries. After reading about some of the most famous headlines in history, discover the stories of fascinating historical events that aren't that well known. Or, look through these famous photographs that changed the world forever. The post 33 Of The Most Famous Newspaper Front Pages From History appeared first on All That's Interesting.

FacebookMollie Tibbetts’ murder became a political flashpoint because her killer had entered the United States illegally. In the small, quiet town of Brooklyn, Iowa, 20-year-old University of Iowa student Mollie Tibbetts went for an evening run on July 18, 2018, something she did regularly. But this time, she never returned. She was soon reported missing, and what followed was one of the largest manhunts in Iowa history. For weeks, investigators and volunteers searched through fields and farms, hoping that she might still be alive somewhere. That hope ended when her body was discovered in a cornfield in Poweshiek County. The man who led authorities to her body, Cristhian Bahena Rivera, told the police a disturbing story about following her while she jogged, fighting with her, and “blacking out” before finding her body in his car trunk. The Sudden Disappearance Of Mollie Tibbetts Mollie Cecilia Tibbetts was born on May 8, 1998, in San Francisco, California, to Rob Tibbetts and Laura Calderwood. After her parents separated, she and her siblings all moved to Iowa to live with their mother. Later on, Mollie Tibbetts attended Brooklyn-Guernsey-Malcom High School. She then enrolled at the University of Iowa to study psychology. Outside of school, she often babysat for local families, and she worked at a children’s day camp with Grinnell Regional Medical Center. Known for her “happy-go-lucky” nature, she participated in choir, theater, and cross country running, and she had hopes of becoming a child psychologist someday. On July 18, 2018, the then-20-year-old Mollie Tibbetts was staying at her boyfriend’s brother’s house in Brooklyn, Iowa. She was dog-sitting for her boyfriend Dalton Jack and his brother Blake Jack, who were both out of town at the time, working on construction sites. That evening, she left the house to go for a run, which was something she did often. At first, nothing about the night seemed unusual. FacebookMollie Tibbetts, pictured during her high school graduation. When she didn’t show up for work the next morning, Dalton Jack received a call from her coworker. Dalton alerted her friends and family members, asking if they had heard from her. Her loved ones all soon realized that something was terribly wrong, and they reported her missing. Tibbetts’ disappearance quickly became national news. Numerous volunteers from all across Iowa joined in the search effort. Her father also flew in from California to Iowa to help during the investigation. Police dogs, drones, and ground teams scoured fields and wooded areas, and posters and billboards with Tibbetts’ face went up all across the Midwest. Meanwhile, authorities examined her Fitbit and cell phone data, hoping to narrow down her location. They eventually determined that Tibbetts had been running at a steady pace on the evening of July 18, 2018, when she suddenly stopped at around 8:28 p.m. Chillingly, her phone then began to move in another direction at a speed of 60 miles per hour. Clearly, she was in some kind of vehicle, and she had likely been abducted. For weeks, her loved ones had no idea where she was or who could’ve taken her. Then, a piece of security footage changed everything. A Shocking Lead In The Case — And The Tragic Discovery Of Mollie Tibbetts’ Body Law&Crime/Logan CollinsA neighbor’s home surveillance cameras captured a black Chevrolet Malibu near Mollie Tibbetts before she vanished. Investigators reviewing home surveillance cameras from a home near Mollie Tibbetts’ jogging route captured a black Chevrolet Malibu driving near her repeatedly on the night she vanished. The car was eventually traced back to a 24-year-old farmworker named Cristhian Bahena Rivera. Rivera, who lived and worked in the rural Poweshiek County, was an undocumented immigrant from Mexico who reportedly entered the United States when he was 17. He was employed at Yarrabee Farms in Poweshiek County under a false name. Though he was seemingly quiet and hardworking, a woman named Brooke Bestell later came forward and said he’d made her uncomfortable when he pursued her romantically: “He would just stare. He wouldn’t really like talk. Something about him was off.” When police brought Rivera in for questioning, he initially denied ever seeing or speaking with Tibbetts. However, his story later changed. Rivera eventually confessed to investigators that he approached Tibbetts because he thought she was attractive. He also said he fought with her after she threatened to call the police on him. Then, Rivera claimed that he “blacked out” and later found her body in the trunk of his car. As Poweshiek County Attorney Bart Klaver later testified: “He admitted that he followed her and he got out of his car. He admitted to jogging to catch up with her, that he wanted to get close to her. He admitted that Mollie didn’t want to have anything to do with him, that she threatened to call the police, and he admitted he became angry at that time.” WQADMollie Tibbetts’ remains were uncovered in a cornfield in Poweshiek County, Iowa. Furthermore, Rivera also led police to a cornfield where he had apparently buried Tibbetts’ body under stalks and other plants. On August 21, 2018, Mollie Tibbetts’ remains were recovered. She had been fatally stabbed, and wounds were found on her head, neck, abdomen, and hands. An autopsy later determined that she’d died of “multiple sharp force injuries.” Rivera was quickly arrested and charged with first-degree murder. The discovery of Tibbetts’ body ended the search, but devastated her family, who had held onto hope until the very end that she was still alive. The story of her horrific murder made national headlines and also became a political flashpoint, especially after it was revealed that Rivera had entered the United States illegally. For some, the case became a rallying cry against illegal immigration. President Donald Trump cited the case as proof of the need for tougher security at the U.S.-Mexico border specifically. Some local Iowa politicians used the case as a talking point for an election that year. However, as Tibbetts’ loved ones grieved, some of her family members publicly asked that her name not be used as a political tool. Cristhian Bahena Rivera’s Murder Trial And The Somber Aftermath Police PhotoCristhian Bahena Rivera was arrested in August 2018, and he was later convicted of murdering Mollie Tibbetts. Cristhian Bahena Rivera’s trial was delayed due to the COVID-19 pandemic, but it began in May 2021 at the Scott County Courthouse in Davenport, Iowa. Prosecutors presented Rivera’s police interview, surveillance footage of his car, and forensic evidence linking blood in his trunk to Mollie Tibbetts. They argued that he deliberately followed her, fatally attacked her after she rejected him, and tried to cover up the murder by hiding her body. The defense claimed that Rivera was wrongly coerced into a confession and that his interrogation was affected by a language barrier. They argued that he was confused and overwhelmed by the investigators. Rivera himself also took the stand and made a stunning new claim. He testified that two masked men, armed with a knife and a gun, entered his home. Rivera said these two men forced him to drive around in his car and abduct Tibbetts. He claimed the men put her in his trunk, after which he disposed of her body in the cornfield. Rivera insisted that he only kept quiet about these masked men because he feared for his family’s safety. But investigators found no evidence of masked men. The jury also didn’t buy Rivera’s new story. On May 28, 2021, Rivera was found guilty of first-degree murder. He was later sentenced to life in prison without parole, and he’s now serving out his sentence at the Iowa State Penitentiary in Fort Madison. Iowa Department of CorrectionsThe Iowa State Penitentiary, where Cristhian Bahena Rivera is serving out his sentence. Since Rivera was an undocumented immigrant from Mexico, his murder of Tibbetts had been a heated topic in political debates about immigration ever since his arrest. But some of Tibbetts’ family members urged people not to blame all immigrants — especially Hispanic immigrants — for her death. Mollie Tibbetts’ father, Rob Tibbetts, wrote a column in which he encouraged ongoing debates on immigration, but also declared: “Do not appropriate Mollie’s soul in advancing views she believed were profoundly racist.” Notably, Rob Tibbetts also apologized to any Hispanic people who were “beset by the circumstances of Mollie’s death” and said, “The person who is accused of taking Mollie’s life is no more a reflection of the Hispanic community as white supremacists are of all white people.” Mollie Tibbetts’ aunt Billie Jo Calderwood and second cousin Sam Lucas also pleaded for her case to be left out of the political sphere. “I don’t want Mollie’s memory to get lost amongst politics,” Calderwood said. In the aftermath, the Mollie Tibbetts Memorial Run was created in Brooklyn, Iowa, retracing the route of Tibbetts’ final jog, so that people can remember her while finishing her route that she never got to complete. For her loved ones, a sense of justice has been served with Rivera’s sentencing, but they will continue to live with the absence of a daughter, a sister, and a friend who deserved a future she never got to see. After reading about the murder of Mollie Tibbetts, learn about Ellen Greenberg, the woman whose stabbing death was controversially ruled a suicide. Then, go inside the chilling story of Shelly Knotek, the abusive mother-turned-killer who now walks free. The post The Tragic Murder Of Mollie Tibbetts, The College Student Who Was Fatally Stabbed While On A Run appeared first on All That's Interesting.

  After Christopher Columbus arrived in the Caribbean in 1492, kicking off the era of European colonization on the American continent, the Indigenous population forced to labor for the colonial project started to shrink rapidly due to foreign diseases, abuse, and maltreatment. As a result, millions of African people were kidnapped, shipped across the Atlantic Ocean, and forced into servitude during the following centuries. The transatlantic slave trade lasted for three centuries, finally being abolished in 1867.   European Colonization of the Americas Illustration showing the geographical distribution of European colonial empires in the Americas. Source: Macmillan   The 16th century marked the beginning of European colonialism, which expanded in different directions around the globe, spreading, often forcibly, their way of life and beliefs surrounding civilization, progress, and evangelization. Countries like the United Kingdom, Portugal, Spain, Italy, Germany, Belgium, and the Netherlands were among the leading expansionist powers.   This process lasted until the 19th century in the Americas, generating a significant loss of Indigenous lives because of newly introduced foreign diseases, the abuses resulting from forced labor, and the rapid transformation of native peoples’ territories through dispossession and exploitation of natural resources. Spain expanded in Central America, South America, and some Caribbean Islands; Portugal in Brazil, and France in Canada and the Caribbean. The Dutch and the Swedish expanded in North America, while the Russians, Scottish, and Germans ultimately failed to establish colonies on the American continent.   While natural resources, diseases, and technology were transported from the Americas to Europe in what is known as the Columbian Exchange, Africans were being traded as slaves. It is calculated that during the transatlantic slave trade, a total of 12.5 million Africans were forced to cross the ocean, while 1.8 million died on the way. African slaves were kidnapped from Senegambia to Benin and from Western Nigeria to West-Central Africa. Forty-five percent disembarked in Brazil, 37% in the Caribbean, 11% in Central and South America, and 4% in North America.   Conducting the Slave Trade Illustration showing the major slave trading regions in Africa by Benjamin Thomas, 2009. Source: Wikimedia Commons   Slavery is defined as the process through which a human being is deprived of freedom and subjected by force to someone else’s ownership. It often involves the exploitation of their labor for domestic or economic activities. Slavery originated in hunter-gatherer societies and was present in many ancient civilizations, such as the Roman, Greek, Egyptian, and Islamic.   In the 16th century, a well-established slavery market was already present in Africa, which facilitated the integration of European buyers once they arrived in Africa, often offering higher payments than Arab buyers. Before Europeans started to ship Africans to their new colonial settlements, 18 million Black slaves had been traded to the Islamic world between 650 and 1905, a number even greater than the total ultimately traded by Europeans.   Photograph of an exhibit of the work of Ghanaian sculptor Kwame Akoto-Bamfo at the EJI’s Legacy Museum in Montgomery, Alabama, which serves as a memorial of African slaves who died during the transatlantic slave trade. Source: The Independent   The colonial powers settled in the Americas and demanded primarily adult males for work. The first traders were the Portuguese, who began transporting slaves from West Africa to sugar plantations shortly after the “discovery” of the Americas. The Spanish, among the first colonial powers to experience labor shortages in the Americas, followed the Portuguese in 1502. During the 1600s, the Dutch dominated the slave trade, followed by the English and the French, who were taking slaves from the region of Senegal and Niger.   Overview of the periods and migration routes of the transatlantic slave trade from 1500 to 1900 by David Elits and David Richardson, 2010. Source: United Nations   By the 1690s, the number of slaves transported across the Atlantic Ocean reached 30,000 per year and 85,000 one century later. Most of the slaves shipped across the Atlantic to Barbados, Jamaica, or Cuba ended up on sugar plantations. In the US, slaves were first brought to Virginia in 1619 and worked on tobacco and cotton plantations in Alabama, Louisiana, Texas, Mississippi, and South Carolina. Most of these Africans were taken from West Africa, while those who ended up in Brazil were taken from Angola.   Southwards, in the Spanish and Portuguese colonies, Black Africans were introduced to replace the rapidly decreasing Indigenous workforce. In many places, slaves were used for mineral mining, and in Brazil, they were used in coffee plantations.   The demand for slaves was influenced by the rapid development of plantation agriculture, which ultimately peaked in the 18th century in French, English, Dutch, and Danish colonies but not until the 19th century in Cuba and Brazil. Although in many places, the population of Black slaves decreased because of high mortality, in the US, demographic growth occurred.   Horrors of the Slave Ships Plan and section of a slave ship. Source: National Library of Scotland   The ships used to transport slaves from Africa to the New World ranged in size and capacity and were able to carry between 30 and 700 enslaved Africans. Because of the many people being transported, the ships were overcrowded and unsanitary. Slaves were packed below decks in tight divisions with low ceilings for trips that could take weeks to months. In such tiny spaces, people were forced to crouch or lie down while being chained together.   In some cases, slaves were separated into men, women, and children and could have more freedom of movement if the ship was not too overcrowded. As a form of exercise, slaves would be encouraged to sing and dance, which, although many were in manacles and shackles, allowed, to some extent, the preservation of their culture. The breathable air was little, hot, and putrid, which favored the spread of disease. Because of this and the fear of revolt, slaves might be allowed to go up on deck to breathe fresh air. Slaves were forced to eat twice per day; the dead were thrown overboard.   Conditions on these ships were so inhumane that historians calculate that 15% to 25% of those onboard died during the trip. Besides diseases such as smallpox and dysentery, affecting both slaves and merchants, atrocious maltreatment, including whipping, the use of thumbscrews, and sexual abuse, was not uncommon. This led many to refuse to eat or even jump overboard.   An illustration of Elmina Castle, on the coast of Ghinea, the first European slave trading post in Sub-Saharian Africa by Johannes Vingboons. 1665. Source: Australian National Library   Because of the stress slaves were forced to experience, fear of rebellion was pervasive. Although the ships were designed to keep them captive, when slaves were still able to see their lands, uprisings were common, individually or collectively. Because of the need to keep the cargo of slaves alive during the long trip and the potential for attempted insurrection, traders implemented a violent system of imprisonment.   Moreover, traders tried to keep slaves from the same region in separate areas of the ship to prevent communication in the same language and minimize the potential for revolt. While some rebellions were successful, such as the one that happened on the ship Clare in 1729, others led to the deaths of everyone onboard.   Illustration of slaves onboard a slave ship, unknown artist, 1835. Source: El País   African slaves had to endure the painful separation from their lands and communities, as well as being separated onboard from their friends or families, and yet again, being separated on shore when they were ultimately sold. Slaves arriving in North America would also be given new English names, a further rupture from their identity and culture.   Cultural and Social Impacts of the Slave Trade Painting illustrating the ethnic mixing between a Spaniard and a Black woman, unknown artist, 18th century. Source: Wikimedia Commons   The trade of Black slaves over the Atlantic Ocean is considered to be the most significant human migration in history. It changed the social, cultural, and ethnic composition of different colonial societies that imposed systems of racial differentiation between white, Indigenous, and Black people.   The Spanish, for example, established a system of castes to categorize the different ethnic groups existing in the colonies and the specific racial variations resulting from their unions. In Spanish America, Black Africans were assigned to the lowest level of this hierarchical system, together with Indigenous people. This system established racial divisions that are still present in many countries of the Americas.   A handbill advertising the selling of slaves, 1769. Source: Wikimedia Commons   Similarly, in North America, the slave trade ultimately created a system of social segregation based on race. After slavery was abolished with the passage of the 13th Amendment, so-called “Black Codes” were enacted in 1865 to control recently freed Black people.   Although finally liberated from the horrors of enslavement, Black people were still excluded from social, professional, and educational rights by these discriminatory laws. The 13th Amendment ended the enslavement economy and permitted servitude solely as a punishment for crimes, but violence and injustice against Black people remained and created an ethnic division that persists today.   Abolishing Slavery in the Americas An illustration showing an uprising of Black people in Haiti, unknown artist, 1815. Source: Archive.org   Haiti was the first country to become independent from European powers and to abolish slavery in 1794. In the US, after the American Revolution (1765-1783), the abolition of slavery became an essential point on many activists’ agendas. However, many Southern states, with a higher concentration of enslaved people, were in strong opposition. In 1808, the importation of slaves was outlawed; however, smuggling slaves from the Caribbean was still common.   In Britain, King George III outlawed the slave trade in 1807, and enslavement was abolished in 1833 with the Slavery Abolition Act. Britain became an anti-slavery advocate and fought against slave ships in the Atlantic. Slavery was abolished in Portugal in 1869 and in France in 1848. In South America, slavery was abolished in Mexico in 1810, Chile in 1823, Colombia in 1851, Peru in 1854, and Brazil in 1888.   Legacy of the Slave Trade: Division and Discrimination A map of the slave trade in Africa showing the regions with the most intense activity, by Eding Bartholomew and Sir H. H. Johnston, undated. Source: Digital Public Library of America   The forced migration of slaves from Africa to the developing European colonies in the New World implied the displacement of millions of Africans, who were shipped under inhumane conditions, provoking the deaths of many along the way.   While destabilizing and tearing apart societies in Africa, the introduction of Black people to the Americas simultaneously reshaped the continent’s demographics. American populations were regulated by European powers through the establishment of social systems based on racial differentiation and segregation. Throughout the hemisphere, Africans and Indigenous people occupied the lowest levels of these hierarchical organizations. These divisions underpinned the structure of societies and have continued to shape them to the present day. Discrimination, prejudice, and violence against these communities are still a critical issue.   The slave trade had an immense human cost, showcasing the brutality exercised against Africans. This provoked a profound loss of their identity and their communities. However, resistance was always present, and in some cases, such as the insurrection of Africans on slave ships or the uprising of Haitians that led to their independence from France, demonstrated a profound resilience that influenced later successful abolitionist movements across both Europe and the Americas.