1294 - Saint Celestine V abdicates the papacy after only five months, hoping to return to his previous life as an ascetic hermit 1570 - Sweden and Denmark signs Peace of Stettin 1643 - English Civil War: The Battle of Alton takes place in Hampshire. 1895 - First complete performance of Gustav Mahler's 2nd Symphony ("Resurrection"), in Berlin, Germany, conducted by the composer 1979 - Strikes against price increases in Gdańsk, Poland 1982 - Australian Open Men's Tennis: South African Johan Kriek wins 2nd straight Australian title; repeats previous year's win over American Steve Denton 6-3, 6-3, 6-2 1990 - Revival of Leigh, Charlap, Styne, Comden and Green's musical "Peter Pan", starring Cathy Rigby, opens at Lunt-Fontanne Theater, NYC; runs for 45 performances 2023 - COP28 in Dubai ends with agreement from 190 counties to begin “transitioning away from fossil fuels”, a compromise but still the first to directly address an end to fossil fuels More Historical Events »

Pompeii Archaeological ParkA pile of the dry concrete mixture found at the construction site. The concrete of ancient Rome was notoriously strong. Many of the buildings, bridges, and aqueducts built by the Romans still stand today. Now, thanks to a construction site left stuck in time in the ancient city of Pompeii, scientists believe they have solved the long-running debate about why Roman concrete was so sturdy and durable. The discovery builds off of previous research in which scientists described the theory that Romans used “hot mixing” to manufacture concrete, which allowed it to “heal” itself when water caused it to crack. However, this process was significantly different than the method ancient Roman architect Vitruvius described in his treatise De architectura roughly 100 years before the eruption of Mount Vesuvius. Then, a construction site in Pompeii that was left well-preserved in the aftermath of the eruption was discovered. After studying this site, the researchers were able to confirm that the hot mixing method proposed previously was indeed the one used by ancient Romans in the first century C.E. Why Roman Concrete Was So Revolutionary The study, which was recently published in Nature Communications, suggests that ancient Romans used dry-heated limestone to create a highly reactive quicklime and then mixed it with volcanic ash and water. The resulting chemical reaction produced the heat that gave the concrete its self-healing properties. This hot mixing method created chunks called “lime clasts” within the concrete. If the concrete cracked and water flowed through, these clasts would dissolve, and the calcium they released would recrystallize and seal the crack. This conclusion came after researchers studied piles of dry, pre-mixed concrete ingredients found at an ancient construction site in Pompeii. Vaserman et al./Nature CommunicationsA depiction of the first three steps of the “hot mixing” method of creating concrete. “We were blessed to be able to open this time capsule of a construction site and find piles of material ready to be used for the wall,” study author Admir Masic said in a statement. “With this paper, we wanted to clearly define a technology and associate it with the Roman period in the year 79 C.E.” After studying the ingredients, as well as a wall that was in the process of being built, existing structural walls, and a wall that had been repaired with mortar, the researchers were able to conclude that the method proposed during their chemical analysis of Roman concrete back in 2023 was accurate. How The Hot Mixing Method Differs From Historical Records The construction site provided solid archaeological evidence of hot mixing. However, this method was not the one described by Vitruvius, an ancient Roman architect who wrote about how concrete was made. In the first century B.C.E., Vitruvius noted that concrete was made from slaked lime — or hydrated, heated limestone. The researchers believe that this method was either misinterpreted or out of date by the time construction started at the site in Pompeii nearly 100 years later. FeaturedPics/Wikimedia CommonsAncient marvels like the Colosseum were likely built using this hot mixing method. The scientists hope that this research will allow restoration workers in the ancient city to use the hot mixing method of manufacturing concrete to make repairs in a way that is true to the time period. They also hope this process will help modern concrete become more durable and longer-lasting. “The way these pores in volcanic ingredients can be filled through recrystallization is a dream process we want to translate into our modern materials,” Masic explained. “We want materials that regenerate themselves.” After reading about the secrets behind ancient Roman concrete, learn about these 33 stunning frescoes from Pompeii and the stories behind them. Then, discover the history of the preserved bodies of Pompeii’s victims. The post An Ancient Construction Site In Pompeii Is Revealing How The Romans Made ‘Self-Healing’ Concrete appeared first on All That's Interesting.

Luiz Fernando RibeiroBrachycephalus lulai on the tip of a pencil. Deep in the cloud-covered mountains of southern Brazil, researchers have identified a new species of pumpkin toadlet — a group of tiny, brightly colored frogs known for their bold hues. It’s been dubbed Brachycephalus lulai. According to a new study published in the journal PLOS One, this frog, which measures less than half an inch in length, is highly endemic and lives only in the leaf litter of a small section of the Serra do Quiriri mountain range. This is just the latest discovery to reveal how much of Brazil’s biodiversity remains hidden in plain sight — and why conservationists are so keen to protect the region. A Frog So Small It Fits On A Pencil Tip Researchers have been attempting to catalog all of Brazil’s Brachycephalus species for several years now, but that task is easier said than done. Despite their vivid orange shade — a warning to predators — these tiny frogs are incredibly difficult to spot among the leaf litter. So, how did scientists find B. lulai? By listening. Males of the species make unique mating croaks, which helped lead researchers directly to them. Luiz Fernando RibeiroB. lulai lives in one of Earth’s most threatened ecosystems. After collecting the specimens, researchers analyzed them in a lab, studying their features and conducting genetic sequencing. They concluded that they had indeed discovered a new species, which they named Brachycephalus lulai, after Brazilian president Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva. “Through this tribute,” the scientists wrote in their paper, “we seek to encourage the expansion of conservation initiatives focused on the Atlantic rainforest as a whole, and on Brazil’s highly endemic miniaturized frogs in particular.” Indeed, this discovery is sparking conversations about conservation in the South American country. The Importance Of The Discovery Of ‘B. Lulai’ While B. lulai was classified as being of “least concern” from a conservation standpoint, other frogs in the same region are endangered, which has ignited debate about how to protect the creatures from habitat loss. Brazil’s Atlantic Forest, where B. lulai was found, is one of the most threatened biomes on the planet. Centuries of deforestation, agriculture, and urban expansion have reduced it to a fraction of its original size, leaving many species isolated in small, fragmented pockets of habitat. Every new discovery in this region serves as a reminder of how much could be lost before it’s ever even documented. Tiny amphibians like pumpkin toadlets are especially vulnerable. Their survival depends on stable microhabitats — moist leaf litter, intact forest floors, and clean water sources — all of which are disrupted by even minor environmental changes. Daniel Souza Lima/Wikimedia CommonsA view over Brazil’s Atlantic Forest. Because they are so sensitive to temperature, humidity, and pollution, amphibians often serve as early warning indicators of ecological decline. The presence of a previously unknown species suggests that these forests are full of biological discoveries, but it also raises concerns about how many undiscovered species may already be on the brink. Pumpkin toadlets in particular are known for their unusual evolutionary traits, from their bright coloration to their reduced hearing abilities and bioluminescent bones. Each new species adds another piece to the puzzle of how these frogs evolved such unique characteristics — and how they continue to adapt to their environment. Understanding these evolutionary pathways can help researchers trace how species respond to environmental stressors, which is increasingly important in an ever-warming world. Documenting new species also strengthens the case for conservation. When scientists can point to unique, endemic animals found nowhere else on Earth, it becomes harder for policymakers to ignore the ecological value of these forests. A single tiny frog may not seem like much, but discoveries like this one help build the scientific and public momentum needed to protect the last remnants of Brazil’s Atlantic Forest. After reading about this new toadlet species discovered in Brazil, learn about the electric blue tarantula found in Thailand. Or, discover the long-tongued moth species found in Madagascar. The post A Tiny New Species Of Pumpkin Toadlet Has Been Discovered In The Mountains Of Brazil appeared first on All That's Interesting.

Turkish Ministry of Culture and TourismThe fresco of Jesus as the “Good Shepherd” that was recently discovered in Turkey. Amid ongoing excavations at the Hisardere Necropolis in the Turkish district of Iznik — known in antiquity as Nicaea — archaeologists have uncovered an early Christian fresco depicting the “Good Shepherd Jesus,” a rarely-seen figure that could very well be the only example of its kind in the region. No artifacts were recovered nearby that could help experts date the fresco, but the tomb in which it was found is believed to date to the third century C.E. At that time, the region was under Rome’s control, thus Christians were facing widespread persecution because the religion had not yet been legalized throughout the empire. However, a not-explicitly-Christian image like the “Good Shepherd” would have allowed believers to express their faith without fear. The Rare “Good Shepherd” Fresco Discovered Inside An Underground Tomb In Turkey The fresco adorns the north wall of a hypogeum — an underground chamber tomb — that has been exceptionally well preserved for well over a millennium. Although its southern wall has been heavily damaged over the years, the ceiling, as well as the east, west, and north walls remain in near-perfect condition, offering archaeologists a unique opportunity to study the fresco in situ. The walls and ceiling are adorned with decorative bird and plant motifs, as well as portraits of noble men and women with their enslaved attendants. Directly behind the kline — a square, terracotta funerary bed — is the fresco, a common form of visual art throughout the Mediterranean during the early years of Christianity. It depicts Jesus with distinctly Roman attributes, youthful and clean-shaven, wearing a toga and carrying a goat across his shoulders. This specific type of figure, however, is almost never found in Anatolia. And of the few examples found in the region, the one from Hisardere is the best preserved. Turkish Ministry of Culture and TourismArchaeologists uncovered the fresco in August 2025. Jesus as the Good Shepherd was an early expression of faith before the cross was widely adopted as the symbol of Christianity, along with a revised image of a bearded, older, robed Jesus. This image became the standard not long after Rome legalized Christianity in 313 C.E. But while Christianity was still outlawed, the Good Shepherd was an important symbol of protection, salvation, and divine guidance for early Christians. As lead archaeologist Gulsen Kutbay told the Associated Press, however, this newly-found fresco is possibly the “only example of its kind in Anatolia.” The symbol’s presence in this tomb evokes a fascinating period in history where Christianity was practiced discreetly due to fear of persecution. Iznik Museum archaeologist Eren Erten Ertem said the fresco shows “a transition from late paganism to early Christianity, depicting the deceased being sent off to the afterlife in a positive and fitting manner.” Furthermore, this is the first time a depiction of Jesus has been identified in a tomb at the Hisardere Necropolis, which opens further paths for investigating early Christian artwork in Anatolia. Why Nicaea Was An Important Site In Early Christianity Turkish Ministry of Culture and TourismOther motifs featured in the tomb’s frescoes included birds, flowers, and goats. Amazingly, this discovery was made just one week after Pope Leo XIV visited Iznik to commemorate the 1,700-year anniversary of the Council of Nicaea in 325 C.E. The First Council of Nicaea convened under Roman Emperor Constantine I, marking Christianity’s transition from a religion whose followers faced persecution to one that now had imperial favor. Approximately 300 bishops gathered to address the Arian controversy, which questioned Christ’s divine nature. So it was that the council produced the Nicene Creed, affirming that Jesus was “of one substance” with God the Father — a theological statement still upheld in many Christian churches around the world to this day. Meanwhile, the council also established the timing of Easter and created frameworks for church governance. Turkish Ministry of Culture and TourismA closer look at Jesus’ depiction in the fresco found at the Hisardere Necropolis. The Second Council of Nicaea in 787 C.E. tackled the iconoclasm controversy, which had divided the Byzantine Empire for decades. Church leaders ultimately endorsed the veneration of religious icons, distinguishing between worship due to God alone and the respect shown to a sacred image — a decision which heavily influenced Christian art and worship practices, particularly in Eastern Orthodoxy. Nicaea’s strategic location in northwestern Asia Minor made it accessible to bishops traveling from across the Christian world, from Spain to Mesopotamia. The city’s walls and imperial patronage provided security for these contentious theological debates. The councils’ decisions unified Christian doctrine during formative centuries, establishing precedents for how the church would resolve disputes and define orthodoxy. The Nicene Creed remains Christianity’s most widely accepted statement of faith, transcending denominational boundaries among Catholics, Orthodox, and most Protestant traditions. The newly discovered fresco serves as a reminder of Iznik’s important place in the course of Christian history. After learning about this newly uncovered “Good Shepherd” fresco, dive into the mystery of where Jesus was buried. Then, learn about the brutal deaths of seven early Christian martyrs. The post Archaeologists In Turkey Just Uncovered A Rare Fresco Of A Young, Beardless Jesus Inside An Ancient Tomb appeared first on All That's Interesting.

How one Dane kept the Saxons at bay for two and a half hours!