phys.org
How waves and mixing drive coastal upwelling systems
They are among the most productive and biodiverse areas of the world's oceans: coastal upwelling regions along the eastern boundaries of the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. There‚ equatorward winds cause near-surface water to move away from the coast. This brings cold‚ nutrient-rich water from the depths to the surface‚ inducing the growth of phytoplankton and providing the basis for a rich marine ecosystem in these regions.