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Interest in interstellar objects (ISOs) was ignited in 2017 when ‘Oumuamua flew through our Solar System and made a flyby of Earth. Roughly two years later, another ISO passed through our Solar System – the interstellar comet 2I/Borisov. These encounters confirmed that ISOs are not only very common, but pass through our Solar System regularly – something that astronomers have suspected for a long time. Even more intriguing is that some of these objects are captured and can still be found orbiting our Sun. In a recent study, a team of researchers described a region in the Solar System where objects can be permanently captured from interstellar space. Their analysis determined that once objects are captured by our Sun’s gravitational pull and fall into this region—which could include comets, asteroids, and even rogue planets—they will remain in orbit around the Sun and not collide with it. These findings could have drastic implications for ISO studies and proposed missions to rendezvous with some of these objects in the near future. The research was conducted by Edward Belruno, a professor of mathematics with the Katz School of Science and Health at Yeshiva University, New York, and James Green, the Director of the Planetary Science Division at NASA Headquarters. Their findings were presented in a paper titled “Permanent Capture into the Solar System” that appeared online and was recently presented at Heidelberg University and to the trajectory dynamics group at the European Space Agency’s Operations Centre (ESOC). ‘Oumuamua (l) and 2I/Borisov (r) are the only two ISOs we know of for certain. Credit: ESO/M. Kornmesser (left) NASA/ESA/D. Jewitt (right) As noted, previous research has indicated that ISOs regularly visit our Solar System and could even be responsible for seeding Earth with the building blocks of life. In addition, researchers have attempted to simulate how many of these objects are captured by our Solar System over time, which yielded estimates in the thousands. Last, but not least, the arrival of ‘Oumuamua and 2I/Borisov also led to numerous proposals for spacecraft that could rendezvous with future ISOs and study them up close – such as the Interstellar Object Explorer (IOE) concept – or fly to those that our System has captured. For their study, Belbrundo and Green performed simulations using a simplified model involving three masses – a captured ISO, the Sun, and the Milky Way – which allowed them to recreate the motion of the captured object. As they describe in their paper, when ISOs get caught by the Sun’s gravitational pull, they can enter a state known as “permanent capture,” where captured objects will remain in orbit around the Sun indefinitely. In addition, these objects will also enter a state known as “weak capture,” where they are slowly drawn into a stable orbit around the Sun but never collide with it. Their simulations showed that captured objects in this region can exhibit chaotic motion, making their orbits appear highly unpredictable. However, they also noted that the region exhibits a complex, repeating pattern, similar to a fractal (or the patterns seen in the Mandelbrot set in mathematics) that contributes to the stability of the captured object’s orbit. As Belbruno explained to Astrobiology contributor Keith Cowing: “The combined gravitational forces of the Sun and the Milky Way play a crucial role in this process. The galaxy’s gravitational field, including the effects of dark matter, significantly influences how objects are captured. Previous studies mainly focused on comet captures, which weren’t always permanent. This new research, however, describes a mechanism that ensures a permanent capture.” Their study also suggests that in addition to asteroids and comets, the Sun could capture rogue planets throughout eons. Recent research has shown that there could be trillions of rogue planets in the Milky Way that were kicked from their solar systems over time. The gravitational influence of captured rogue planets and other objects would cause perturbations in the orbits of other bodies in the Solar System. Similar to how astronomers have used the orbits of Kuiper Belt Objects to search for evidence of Planet 9 (aka. Planet X), astronomers could use these perturbations to infer the presence of captured bodies. Said Belbruno: “The discovery not only enhances our understanding of gravitational dynamics but also opens up new possibilities for detecting and studying these fascinating celestial bodies. As we continue to explore the cosmos, who knows what other secrets the universe holds about the objects that have joined our solar family?” Further Reading: Astrobiology, arXiv The post A New Study Shows How our Sun Could Permantly Capture Rogue Planets! appeared first on Universe Today.

The temperature of the Sun’s corona is a minimum of 100 times hotter than the Sun’s surface, despite the corona being far less dense and extending millions of miles from the Sun’s surface, as well. But why is this? Now, a recent study published in The Astrophysical Journal could eliminate a longstanding hypothesis regarding the processes responsible for the corona’s extreme heat, which could help them better understand the Sun’s internal processes. This study holds the potential to help scientists gain greater insight into the formation and evolution of our Sun, which could lead to better understanding stars throughout the universe, as well. For the study, the researchers analyzed data from the first 14 laps conducted by NASA’s Parker Solar Probe around the Sun with the goal of ascertaining how the magnetic field causes S-shaped bends, often called magnetic switchbacks due to their behavior in causing sudden reversals in the magnetic field’s direction. The goal of the study was to determine the source of the switchbacks, which are known to store energy from the magnetic field, to better understand how they could potentially heat the corona and solar wind. “That energy has to go somewhere, and it could be contributing to heating the corona and accelerating the solar wind,” said Dr. Mojtaba Akhavan-Tafti, who is an assistant research scientist of climate and space sciences and engineering at the University of Michigan and lead author of the study. The debate regarding the origin of the switchbacks has been disputed for some time within the scientific community, with scientists currently favoring two potential hypotheses: switchbacks originate from the magnetic field bending due to the solar wind’s extreme activity that occurs past the corona, and the other origin being from the surface of the Sun. The results of the study show switchbacks do not originate from the surface of the Sun, which the researchers attribute to the lack of the number of switchbacks inside the corona. In contrast, if the Sun’s surface was the origin of the switchbacks, it is hypothesized the switchback numbers inside the corona would be far greater. Therefore, the study’s results eliminate one of the two competing hypotheses regarding the origin of switchbacks in the Sun. “Our theory could fill the gap between the two schools of thought on S-shaped switchback generation mechanisms,” said Dr. Akhavan-Tafti. “While they must be formed outside the corona, there could be a trigger mechanism inside the corona that causes switchbacks to form in the solar wind.” He follows this with, “The mechanisms that cause the formation of switchbacks, and the switchbacks themselves, could heat both the corona and the solar wind.”  The study of the Sun’s magnetic field reversal dates to the 1970s when the two German-US Helios spacecraft, dubbed Helios-1 and Helios-2, observed this reversal behavior when Helios-2 traveled just over 43.432 million kilometers (26.99 million miles) from the Sun with Helios-1 being 3 million kilometers (1.9 million miles) behind it. This distance record was broken by the Parker Solar Probe in October 2018 and has since achieved a jaw-dropping distance of 7.26 million kilometers (4.51 million miles) from the Sun, which was accomplished in September 2023. The Helios missions were followed by the first observations of switchbacks conducted by the NASA/ESA Ulysses probe that studied the Sun’s southern and northern polar regions in 1994 and 1995, respectively. More recently, remnants of switchbacks were observed by the ESA/NASA Solar Orbiter in September 2020 when the spacecraft was just over 146 million kilometers (91 million miles) from the Sun. As noted, discovering the origin of switchbacks could help scientists better understand the internal processes of the Sun, and specifically the behavior of the solar wind, which contributes to space weather that can cause massive damage to orbiting satellites and electronic ground stations on Earth. What new discoveries will scientists make about the origins of switchbacks on the Sun in the coming years and decades? Only time will tell, and this is why we science! As always, keep doing science & keep looking up! The post Why is the Sun’s Corona So Hot? One Hypothesis Down, Many to Go appeared first on Universe Today.

This could be a crucial step forward.

"It was a shock..." The post “My brain fell out”: The moment Miles Davis played David Crosby a song first appeared on Far Out Magazine.

Live show 6 pm eastern today - https://www.youtube.com/wearechange Next report and live show call-ins - https://lukeunfiltered.com The POWDER KEG Is About To BLOW! This report details the major strikes and severe escalations taking place and explains how the battle lines are drawn and a larger war is looming. We're just waiting for the powder keg to blow!

What in the world has happened to our military?  When I was growing up, I was proud that my father was an officer in the U.S. Navy.  At that time we possessed the most powerful military in the entire world by a wide margin, and as a result nobody wanted to mess with us.  But now everything has changed.  Our military has been transformed into a “woke” joke, and we all saw what happened during the absolutely disastrous withdrawal from Afghanistan.  We desperately need to get our act together, because war is coming.  In fact, we could soon find ourselves fighting multiple major wars simultaneously.  Unfortunately, a study that was just released by a congressional panel concluded that we are not even ready to fight one major war at this point… The U.S. military is no longer “prepared” to fight in a major war, according to a new study conducted by a congressional panel. Though the threats the U.S. is facing are “the most serious and most challenging” it has seen in almost a century, the U.S. defense base is not equipped to meet the moment, according to a report from the Commission on the National Defense Strategy published on Monday. Among the biggest problems outlined in the report are a troubled Pentagon and a failure by the federal government to properly address threats emanating from adversaries like China and Russia. “The United States last fought a global conflict during World War II, which ended nearly 80 years ago. The nation was last prepared for such a fight during the Cold War, which ended 35 years ago. It is not prepared today,” the commission’s report reads. How is this possible? We spent 820 billion dollars on national defense during the most recent fiscal year. Where is all of that money going? Two of the areas that the study really focused on were our “recruiting failures” and our “grossly inadequate” industrial base… The commission recommended in a 132-page report released Monday that the U.S. overhaul its national defense strategy and $900 billion defense budget to address recruiting failures, a “grossly inadequate” industrial base, and underfunded cyber and space domains. The commission was tasked by Congress with analyzing the 2022 defense strategy, which was written prior to Russia’s 2022 invasion of Ukraine and the evolution of the strategic partnership between China, Russia, Iran, and North Korea. “There is potential for near-term war and a potential that we might lose such a conflict,” Eric Edelman, vice chairman of the Commission on the National Defense Strategy, told senators. In the days following 9/11, our military was swamped with more eager recruits than they could possibly handle. But now it has become very difficult to convince young people to join our “woke” military.  In particular, male enlistment is way, way down… The issue is convincing men to put on the uniform. A decade of declining recruitment numbers for the Army is almost entirely attributable to a significant drop in male recruiting as female enlistments have remained relatively flat, internal service data reviewed by Military.com shows. Since 2013, male enlistments have dropped 35%, going from 58,000 men enlisting in 2013 to 37,700 in 2023, according to the service data. Meanwhile, female recruitment has hovered around 10,000 recruits each year. This is a topic that I have been hammering on for a long time.  In fact, in my most recent book I have an entire chapter entitled “Chaos In The Military”.  Sadly, most Americans have absolutely no idea how much our national defense has been compromised. As long as we don’t have to fight any major wars, our failures can be hidden to a certain extent. Unfortunately, three major wars are rapidly approaching. The Middle East is on the verge of erupting in flames, and Secretary of Defense Lloyd Austin says that the U.S. would intervene militarily if all-out war breaks out… The United States would help Israel defend itself should a full-scale war break out with Lebanon, the country’s Secretary of Defense Lloyd Austin told reporters in the Philippines as Lebanon braced for an IDF counterstrike. “We remain concerned about the potential of this escalating into a full fight. And I don’t believe that a fight is inevitable,” Austin said. I still think that we have a couple of months before things in the region go totally haywire. Hopefully I am not wrong about that. Alarmingly, the State Department has just issued a warning instructing U.S. citizens not to travel to Lebanon right now… The United States on Wednesday urged its citizens to not travel to Lebanon, citing rising tensions between Israel and the Lebanon-based Hezbollah group. The U.S. State Department raised its travel advisory to Lebanon to level four, which says “Do Not Travel.” The State Department advised Americans in Lebanon to depart if possible. Meanwhile, the war in Ukraine just continues to escalate and the Russians are steadily gaining ground. One of the big reasons for this is that the Russians are simply outproducing us. According to CNN, the Russians are producing almost three times more artillery munitions than the United States and Europe combined… Russia appears on track to produce nearly three times more artillery munitions than the US and Europe, a key advantage ahead of what is expected to be another Russian offensive in Ukraine later this year. Russia is producing about 250,000 artillery munitions per month, or about 3 million a year, according to NATO intelligence estimates of Russian defense production shared with CNN, as well as sources familiar with Western efforts to arm Ukraine. Collectively, the US and Europe have the capacity to generate only about 1.2 million munitions annually to send to Kyiv, a senior European intelligence official told CNN. This is a failure of epic proportions. How did this happen? It appears to be just a matter of time before we come into direct conflict with the Russians, and we are definitely not prepared for that. Of course we could soon find ourselves fighting a major war with China too. The moment that China invades Taiwan, we will be at war with the Chinese. Sadly, we are not equipped to fight a war with China on the other side of the Pacific. At this point, China actually has a larger navy than we do… China now possesses the world’s largest maritime fighting force, operating 234 warships to the U.S. Navy’s 219. This count of China’s fighting ships encompasses all of its known, active-duty manned, missile- or torpedo-armed ships or submarines displacing more than 1,000 metric tons, including the 22 missile-armed corvettes recently transferred to the China Coast Guard but not the approximately 80 missile-armed small patrol craft operated by the PLAN. Of course not all of our military vessels are currently available. In fact, there is one aircraft carrier that has been getting “overhauled” since 2021 and won’t be available for service again until 2026 at the earliest… In 2021, USS John C. Stennis was sent to the shipyard for a routine Refueling and Complex Overhaul (RCOH) mission. It was supposed to take three years. Yet it will probably be delayed even past 2026. As my colleague Harrison Kass assessed, “Since 2001, the U.S. Navy has conducted seven carrier overhauls. The shortest overhaul was USS Nimitz, at 1129 days. Four overhauls took between 1,338 and 1,506 days – USS Dwight D. Eisenhower, USS Carl Vinson, USS Theodore Roosevelt, and USS Abraham Lincoln.” The most recent carrier to get an RCOH overhaul, USS George Washington, took an astonishing 2,120 days. It is pretty sad when you have a 4.5 billion dollar aircraft carrier that can’t even sail for five years. But this is our military now. We spend a ton of money on it, but we get very little in return. So we better hope for peace, because if we have to depend on our “woke” military to fight multiple major wars simultaneously we are going to be in a world of hurt. Michael’s new book entitled “Chaos” is available in paperback and for the Kindle on Amazon.com, and you can subscribe to his Substack newsletter at michaeltsnyder.substack.com. About the Author: Michael Snyder’s new book entitled “Chaos” is available in paperback and for the Kindle on Amazon.com. He has also written seven other books that are available on Amazon.com including “End Times”, “7 Year Apocalypse”, “Lost Prophecies Of The Future Of America”, “The Beginning Of The End”, and “Living A Life That Really Matters”.  When you purchase any of Michael’s  books you help to support the work that he is doing.  You can also get his articles by email as soon as he publishes them by subscribing to his Substack newsletter.  Michael has published thousands of articles on The Economic Collapse Blog, End Of The American Dream and The Most Important News, and he always freely and happily allows others to republish those articles on their own websites.  These are such troubled times, and people need hope.  John 3:16 tells us about the hope that God has given us through Jesus Christ: “For God so loved the world, that he gave his only begotten Son, that whosoever believeth in him should not perish, but have everlasting life.”  If you have not already done so, we strongly urge you to invite Jesus Christ to be your Lord and Savior today. The post The U.S. Is Not Prepared To Fight One Major War, But Three Major Wars Are Rapidly Approaching appeared first on End Of The American Dream.