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How to Plant and Grow Cucumbers: Tips for Success and Big Harvests
Cucumbers are a quintessential summer garden crop! The crisp, juicy fruit are perfect for refreshing summer salads, sandwiches, beverages, homemade pickles, dips, and more. Read along and learn how to grow cucumbers at home with our best tips to maximize space, yield, and success.This article explores when and how to plant cucumbers, different types and varieties, tips for growing cucumbers in pots or vertically up a trellis, pollination, and pest control. We’ll also cover the best time to harvest cucumbers, how to prevent bitterness, storage tips, and ways to use or preserve your bounty!Disclosure: Homestead and Chill is reader-supported. When you purchase through links on our site, we may earn an affiliate commission. Ideal Cucumber Growing Conditions Temperature: Cucumbers grow best when both the air and soil are nice and warm. They thrive when outdoor temperatures are between 75-85°F, and the soil is at least 65°F. Cucumbers grow more slowly (or fail to grow at all) when temperatures dip below 50 or rise over 95°F. Above 95, the plants will fail to produce fruit as the flowers fall off. Use shade cloth and mulch to protect cucumber plants from extreme heat. Cucumbers do not tolerate frost.Sun: Cucumber plants need full sun in most cases, or at least 6 to 8 hours of direct sunlight per day. Yet since cucumber plants don’t love extreme heat, they will benefit from partial shade (especially afternoon shade) in hot climates where summer temperatures routinely exceed 90°F.
Soil: Cucumbers grow best in soil that’s rich in organic matter, but loose and well-draining. For the best results, amend soil with a few inches of well-aged compost and/or worm castings prior to planting. Fluff up heavy clay soil with the addition of sand or potting soil. Water: Regular deep water is one of THE keys to successfully grow cucumbers! Cucumber plants love consistently damp soil and a regular watering schedule*. Irregular water (fluctuating between very wet and dry) leads to stressed plants, dry fruit, and bitter-tasting cucumbers. A couple inches of mulch around the base of plants will help with even moisture retention. Avoid overwatering however, since soggy soil or standing water can lead to root rot.*Water needs and frequency vary depending on your climate, soil, and rainfall. It doesn’t rain here in the summer (though it’s not very hot) and we run our raised bed drip irrigation system twice a week for an hour to give the plants a nice deep drink. Types of Cucumbers and Varieties To GrowCucumbers generally fall into three categories: classic slicers, pickling cucumbers, or thin-skinned burpless varieties. Slicing cucumbers are what’s most commonly found in grocery stores, and are used for fresh eating (though they can also be pickled). Slicers average about 6 to 10 inches in length, usually have medium-thick skin that’s slightly bumpy, and a moderate amount of seeds inside. Marketmore, Paraiso, and Green 18 are a few great slicer cucumber varieties. Some hybrid slicers have thinner skin – like Manny, my favorite!
Pickling cucumbers are short, stout (3 to 4 inches long) and usually have bumpy skin. The compact size is perfect to pack inside jars for homemade pickles! Pickling cucumbers are also usually more firm, and therefore better retain a crunchy texture in pickles and preserves. Popular pickling cucumber varieties include Homemade Pickles, Excelsior Cucumber, National Pickling, and Provision.English, Asian, or other “burpless” cucumbers are similar to slicers, but have exceptionally thin, tender skin. This makes them ideal for fresh eating, and easier to digest – hence the “burpless” moniker! Burpless cucumber varieties tend to grow longer (up to 12 inches or more) but stay more slender, so they’re usually less seedy than traditional slicers. I love to grow burpless cucumbers, including Tasty Green, Telegraph and Sashimi.
There are many other types of cucumbers out there too! Cucamelons, gherkins, white cucumbers, Armenian, lemon, and more. Learn how to grow cucamelons here.Tiny Mexican Sour Gherkin cucumbers – aka “cucamelons”Bush vs. Vining CucumbersCucumber plants have two different growth habits: bush or vining, much like squash plants. Vining cucumber plants grow larger, produce more fruit over a longer period of time, require a trellis for support, and maximize space by growing vertically!In contrast, bush cucumber varieties are compact, bear less generous volumes of fruit per plant, and don’t require a trellis. They’re ideal to grow in fields, rows, containers, or raised beds – but need to be spaced farther apart, explained below. To save even more space in the bed for other plants, we set up our favorite cucumber trellis like a lean-to off the end of one raised bed (though it’s most often used as an A-frame within the bed).Growing Cucumbers from SeedTo grow cucumbers from seed, you can either start seeds indoors or plant seeds right in the garden (aka direct sow). We’ve had success with both methods over the years!To direct sow, plant cucumber seeds outdoors after the last spring frost has passed, ideally once the soil temperature reaches about 60°F. See spacing guidelines to follow.Or, start cucumber seeds indoors about 3 weeks before you plan to transplant them outside. Cucumber seedlings grow really fast and have sensitive root systems! Therefore, we like to start our cucumber seeds in 4″ nursery pots instead of tiny cells or 6-packs so we don’t need to worry about them getting root bound or potting up.Provide indoor cucumber seedlings with ample bright light (grow lights) for the best results. Get more detailed tips on starting seeds indoors here.Cucumber seedlings grow fast! We like to start them in 4” pots instead of smaller cell trays, giving their roots plenty of space so they don’t get root bound. When to Plant Cucumbers OutsideTransplant cucumber seedlings outside in the spring after the soil has warmed, and at least 2 weeks after the danger of frost has passed. Studies show that cucumbers will not grow if the soil temperature is below 63°F, so when in doubt, use a soil thermometer to check before planting! May is generally a good time to plant cucumbers in most growing zones. Be sure to harden off indoor seedlings first and follow other transplanting best practices! We love to add a handful of worm castings and mycorrhizae to the planting hole. Both help to reduce transplant shock, encourage healthy root development, and increase nutrient uptake. How Far to Space Cucumber PlantsHilled or bush cucumber plants (those left to sprawl out) should be spaced about 3 to 5 feet apart. However, vining cucumbers grown vertically can be spaced as close as 12 inches apart along the base of a common trellis. Spaced about 12″ apart, we’re able to grow up to four cucumber vines on a 4-foot wide trellis.Cucumber Pollination and Fruit GrowthDid you know that some cucumber varieties need pollination to grow fruit, while others do not – and are considered “self-fertile”? The seed or plant description should specify if the variety is monoecious or parthenocarpic.Most cucumber varieties are monoecious: in order for cucumbers to grow, pollen must be physically transferred from their male to female flowers – either by bees, other insects, or by hand! Without proper pollination, the cucumber fruits fail to develop, staying small and eventually falling off the vine. In contrast, parthenocarpic cucumber varieties set fruit without pollination. They’re exceptionally productive, including in greenhouses or high-tunnels where pollinators may not be present. Parthenocarpic cucumber varieties are always vining, further adding to their appeal for maximizing productivity. Female flowers have tiny immature cucumbers visible at the base, while the male flowers have a plain straight stem. If you look closely, you can see several tiny yellow cucumbers that were not pollinated, and soon will fall off the vine. To hand-pollinate cucumbers, simply pick off an open male flower, peel the petals back, and rub its yellow center against the center of an open female flower. Growing Cucumbers on a TrellisThere are a number of benefits to growing cucumbers vertically up a trellis! It saves space, increases airflow (which reduces disease and pests), makes harvesting easier, and keeps the cucumber fruit growing nice and straight! Cucumbers left to grow on the ground tend to curl, or get discolored spots where they were laying on the soil.Cucumber vines grow about 4 to 6 feet long on average, depending on the variety. That said, an ideal cucumber trellis should be at least 4 or 5 feet tall and at least 1 foot wide per plant. Using a wide trellis allows you to plant several cucumbers side-by-side along the same trellis, spaced about a foot apart along the base. The openings in the trellis should be wide enough for you to fit your hands through for harvesting. Cucumber Trellis IdeasCucumber trellises come in many shapes and sizes: lean-tos or A-frames, traditional vertical trellises, tall cages, or pointed teepees… they all get the job done!
Get creative and make a DIY cucumber trellis using garden netting, stakes, wire, fencing, sticks, or other sturdy materials. See our tutorial on how to make a DIY trellis here!
We love and use this cucumber trellis. We actually have several, and use them for melons and winter squash too.
You can also grow cucumbers up a large walk-through arched trellis or arbor, though the vines likely won’t make it to the top. RELATED: See 7 of the best cheap, easy, and clever DIY cucumber trellis ideas here!Badger loves our cucumber trellis too! Chillin’ below it, he’s as cool as a cucumber.Growing Cucumbers in ContainersYes, you can grow cucumbers in pots! Choose a container that is at least one foot deep and wide per plant. We love to plant cucumbers in generously-sized half wine barrel planters. Then, all of the basic growing requirements that we’ve already covered (soil, sun, temperature, etc) applies to growing cucumbers in pots too.However, achieving the ideal soil moisture (consistently damp but not soggy) that cucumbers love is more tricky in containers, since potted soil tend to yo-yo between wet and dry more than raised beds or in-ground gardens. To help ensure optimal hydration, consider adding a small olla inside the pot, or plant cucumbers in a handy self-watering pot.Cucumbers growing in a self-watering pot (trellis included) in a container gardenCucumber Pests and DiseasesPests Common cucumber pests include spotted and striped cucumber beetles, aphids, thrips, whitefly, root knot nematodes, squash bugs, squash vine borers, and spider mites. Some of these pests cause harm by chewing on the plants while others transmit diseases (or both). For instance, spotted and striped cucumber beetles cause damage by chewing on foliage and fruit, but they also transmit a bacterial wilt pathogen that can kill cucurbits. The first step in organic pest management is to properly identify the pest first, then proceed conservatively and depending on the severity of the infestation. Neem oil spray, fine mesh insect netting row covers, and thoughtful garden companion planting can all help deter pest insects. I don’t recommend using broad-spectrum pesticides – for the sake of your health, pollinators, and the environment! Click on any of the pest names above to see specific control tips. Striped and spotted cucumber beetlesDiseasesThere are also a number of cucumber plant diseases that can occur including powdery mildew, cucumber mosaic virus, downy mildew, angular leaf spot, bacterial wilt, Phytophthora crown and root rot.Bacterial wilt, leaf spot, and mosaic virus are difficult to remedy once they set in, but there are a number of proactive prevention and management techniques to use – including good garden hygiene and sanitation, reducing overhead watering (use drip irrigation instead), minimizing aphid and cucumber beetle populations, and removing infected plants.One great way to thwart these issues is to grow disease-resistant varieties! For example, powdery mildew is very prevalent in our area, so we seek out powdery mildew resistant cucumber varieties like Tasty Green or Manny. Other varieties may exhibit natural resistance to downy mildew, cucumber mosaic virus, scab, bacterial wilt, and more. RELATED: Visit our guides on how to treat powdery mildew, how to mix and safely use neem oil spray, or organic aphid control tips. Powdery mildew spots on cucumber leavesWhen to Harvest CucumbersTo harvest cucumbers, either cut the stem or gently twist the fruit off the vine. Be careful to not damage the vine itself! For the best-tasting cucumbers, it’s key to harvest cucumbers early and often, before they start to turn yellow or become too large and seedy. Cucumbers are ready to harvest when they’re dark green and the fruit have reached the desired size for the variety you planted, usually 6 to 9 inches long for most slicers or burpless varieties. Harvest pickling cucumbers nice and small (3 to 4 inches long) and don’t let them grow longer than 5 inches.Cucumbers don’t need to “ripen” so they really can’t be picked too early. On the flip side, cucumbers left on the vine too long will start to taste bitter, the skin gets increasingly thick and tough, and the insides get more and more seedy. Plus, routinely harvesting fruit allows the plant to redirect its energy into growing new cucumbers – thereby increasing yields!Why do my cucumbers taste bitter?Cucumbers get bitter when a natural compound called cucurbitacin becomes elevated in the fruit. A number of things make cucumbers taste bitter, including when they’re harvested and how they’re grown. Cucumbers that are harvested early are more sweet and tender, while overgrown cucumbers left on the vine too long quickly become bitter.
Heat stress causes higher levels of cucurbitacin and bitterness.
Irregular or inconsistent watering throughout the growing season also stresses the plants and makes cucumbers bitter.
Finally, some cucumber varieties are naturally more sweet and less bitter than others, such as English and Persian cucumbers. Slicing cucumbers are most prone to getting bitter. Reduce bitterness in cucumbers by providing regular water, harvesting fruit early, protecting plants from extreme heat with shade cloth and mulch, and removing the peel on already-harvested fruit that is bitter.How to Store CucumbersStore just-harvested cucumbers in the refrigerator inside a reusable plastic bag in the crisper drawer. Cucumbers should stay fresh and crisp for over a week in the fridge, compared to only a few days if left out at room temperature. Wait to cut cucumbers until you’re ready to use them, but it’s okay to wash them before storage. Yet try not to store cucumbers below 40F, as they’ll degrade more quickly under too cold of conditions. Also avoid storing cucumbers near apples or tomatoes, which emit a plant hormone (ethylene) that will cause the cucumbers to yellow. Store sliced or cut cucumbers in a bowl of cool water for only a few days to prevent them from drying out. Ways to Use and Preserve CucumbersGiven their mild and inconspicuous flavor, there are endless ways to use and preserve cucumbers! Use fresh cucumbers in salads (including cucumber-forward Greek salad), sandwiches, wraps, burgers, smoothies, tzatziki, salsas, sliced in water or sun tea, or use them in a juicer. You could even experiment cooking with cucumbers, including sautéed, roasted or grilled. To preserve cucumbers, consider making delicious homemade pickles: either quick refrigerator pickles, canned, or lacto-fermented brined cucumber pickles. You can also dehydrate thin cucumber slices into chips, or freeze them. Check out this post from Practical Self Reliance to see 15 different ways to preserve cucumbers!Try our Easy Crunchy Refrigerator Dill Pickles recipe here!And that sums up everything you need to know to successfully grow cucumbers.All in all, I hope you enjoyed reading this article – and hopefully learned something new! I even learned a couple new things myself, which is always a treat. Please let me know if you have any questions in the comments below, and feel free to visit our other seed-to-harvest grow guides here. Here’s wishing you a bountiful cucumber growing season ahead!You may enjoy these related posts:Easy Tzatziki Sauce Recipe (Cucumber Yogurt Dip)
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