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The Many Evolutions of the Cinematic Mummy
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The Mummy
The Many Evolutions of the Cinematic Mummy
Mummies have graced films for over a century — but their history is a bit wilder than other movie “monsters.”
By Jake Pitre
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Published on April 30, 2026
Credit: Universal Pictures
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Credit: Universal Pictures
What is the “mummy movie”? If you consider the characteristics of other monster films, their essence easily comes to mind—a vampire movie is about a bloodsucker intent on seducing victims to join the undead; a werewolf movie is about a troubled shapeshifter preying on a rural community; a zombie movie features unnamed hordes ravaging the living. There are fewer mummy movies, which is part of why it’s more difficult to conjure what exactly they are, but they are also, arguably, the least cinematic of the major monsters. They moan, they shuffle, they’re wrapped up in rags. Oooh, I’m so scared?
Through the history of the mummy movie, patterns do emerge, always drawn back to the figure’s Egyptian origins, often exoticized accordingly. With the recent release of Lee Cronin’s The Mummy, which traffics in some of these tropes while ultimately barely registering as a proper mummy movie, and the announcement of Brendan Fraser and Rachel Weisz returning for The Mummy 4, it seems time to reflect back on the meanings of the mummy across time, and perhaps more interestingly, across regional interpretation. After all, as André Bazin argued in his legendary essay about the ontology of the photographic image, the cinema itself is akin to mummification, as it carries with it the knowledge of death, and the instinct to ward it off: “the preservation of life by a representation of life.”
The earliest examples of mummy movies, arriving early in the twentieth century, are instructive. It’s at this time that a cultural frenzy was occurring over Egyptology in North America and Europe, as major tombs, particularly that of King Tut (finally discovered in 1922), were being sought, found, excavated, and marketed on a global scale. These early shorts, including two both titled The Egyptian Mummy (one a lost film from 1913, the other a Vitagraph Studios short from 1914), told simple comedic tales of corpses run amok, though these were fakes, played by characters trying to get one over on a mad scientist.
Mercy, the Mummy Mumbled (1918) was inspired by these shorts, but further complicated them. Made by an all-Black cast and crew, in this version, the scientist, searching for a mummy to experiment on, tells his daughter’s suitor that he can marry her if his reanimation experiment works (sure, why not). The suitor decides to fake it, acquires a sarcophagus, and hires a shoe shiner to be the mummy. Meanwhile, “Egyptian Emissaries who are searching for the mummy of the Royal Rambunctions stolen years previous by American souvenir hunters” also see the scientist’s ad, and are likewise after the supposed mummy for repatriation. This early inclusion of characters (albeit dressed in era-inappropriate attire) searching for their national heritage, adds a fascinating wrinkle, even if it’s played for humor. The film, it should be noted, was produced by a white-owned company, was largely aimed at white audiences, and other films by the company feature far more racist caricatures than this one. It also may be the first example of a mummy movie with an unravelling gag.
Credit: Universal Studios
The next logical point in the mummy film’s trajectory would be, of course, Boris Karloff’s portrayal in Universal’s The Mummy (1932), which would set the tone for the subgenre to come—curses, archeological expeditions, ancient scrolls, elaborate makeup. Indeed, for most of the film, Karloff is heavily made up as an Egyptian man, only briefly appearing in the mummified rags you might imagine (indeed, Lee Cronin’s new mummy film is only the latest in a long tradition of ostensible “mummy movies” that barely seem interested in mummies at all; more on that in a moment).
Of course, evidence remains scarce that Egyptians ever believed at all in mummification having any connection to reanimation, as it was a sacred practice for protecting souls into the afterlife. Nevertheless, Universal Studios’ now-iconic version, kicked off here with Karloff before following up in The Mummy’s Hand (1940), The Mummy’s Tomb (1942),The Mummy’s Ghost and Curse (both 1944), and, later, Abbott and Costello Meet the Mummy (1955), would come to define the West’s public imagining of mummies and, to an extent, Egyptian history and culture. While entertaining, these films contributed to an Orientalist and colonialist lens on the region—all of which, again, rest largely on the hoopla around the supposed “curse” on King Tut’s tomb.
At this point, though, things get more interesting, not only through new interpretations in Hollywood and in Europe, but particularly as other global cultures made use of the mummy figure and, oftentimes, how it fit into their regional myths and histories. Mexican cinema is a primary example: Many luchador films, including those featuring folk hero El Santo, would feature mummies, often alongside other monster characters. Mummies here tend to have some connection to demonic power, and are generally foils for the wrestling star to easily dispatch (Santo and Blue Demon Against the Monsters, from 1970, is one to seek out). Other films, perhaps most notably the Aztec Mummy trilogy (1957-8), more directly tie mummy tropes to Aztec aesthetics and history, in part, reportedly, to avoid copyright infringement considering how heavily screenwriter Alfredo Salazar pulled from Universal’s version. These mummies, though, more closely resembled the Mummies of Guanajuato, naturally mummified bodies that were a popular tourist attraction.
The best of the trilogy is the third entry, The Robot vs. The Aztec Mummy, which, as it happens, is less interested in either robots or mummies than it is in telling a Frankenstein’s monster-like story of “reanimating” a human-robot. In any case, the mummy does show up, looking uncomfortably like Leatherface. The Aztec-Egyptian assemblage does result in inaccurate portrayals of hieroglyphics (Aztecs used pictographs), and Incas actually practiced mummification, not the Aztecs. Even so, the madcap nonsense is ideal viewing while under certain medicinal influences.
Credit: Cinematografica Calderon
Brazil also distributed a number of unique mummy films, including O Segredo da Múmia (The Secret of the Mummy, 1982). The story is similar to the original mummy shorts, as a scientist seeking the elixir of life uncovers an ancient tomb in Egypt, awakening a mummy who happens to be a love-spurned killer. It is, well, rather campy, a practically-softcore, erotically-charged take of anarchic comedy—in Brazil, a subgenre called pornochanchada—that barely holds together. Here, there is less attention paid to localisation, and more to the absurd pastiche of genres, styles, and iconography.
The UK reimagined the mummy through Hammer Films’ less “romantic” interpretation, first in The Mummy (1959), as Christopher Lee played the bandaged monster as a more action-oriented rampager, ultimately offering a more exciting and imposing version, even if it somehow has a more uncomfortable colonial sheen to it than the 1932 version. The next two Hammer mummy films are barely worth mentioning, but their final effort, Blood from the Mummy’s Tomb (1971), is a somewhat intriguing take, even as the mummy as such is sidelined in favor of dark occult happenings and outrageous vulgarisms.
Egypt itself, one of the most successful film industries in the Arab world, has almost entirely ignored the mummy in its cinema. A slight exception would be The Night of Counting the Years (1969), also released as The Mummy, a neo-realist masterpiece which explicitly deals with the moment right before British colonial rule in the country. Taking place in 1881, and based on a true story about the sacking of ancient tombs and the selling of mummies and other relics on the black market, it confronts the value of heritage and tradition, and the threat of the past from outside and from within. As it becomes increasingly mythical, the stolen mummies come to reflect a much broader and thornier meaning of history itself being robbed of its reality.
In recent decades, then, the mummy film has taken on a decidedly populist and, in some cases, postmodern status. There is the franchise with Brendan Fraser (1999, 2001, 2008), massively popular films, simultaneously irresistible as popcorn entertainment and troubling in their obvious and ill-considered Orientalism. That the franchise is making a comeback now, perhaps spurred by the ongoing Fraser renaissance, suggests that its continued relevance goes beyond nostalgia, that there’s something about its swashbuckling, adventurous formula that audiences are again demanding. Then, there was Tom Cruise’s attempt to reboot The Mummy (2017) and kickstart the Universal “Dark Universe,” which was canceled following the film’s failure. If anything, it’s probably best remembered by many today because of the trailer released for the film with the wrong audio track, a video which routinely gets re-shared on social media.
Credit: Vitagraph Films
The best (post)modern take may just be Bubba Ho-tep, Don Coscarelli’s (of Phantasm fame) ridiculous story of a still-alive Elvis Presley teaming up with a dyed-black JFK to battle an ancient, cowboy boot-wearing mummy terrorizing their nursing home by feeding on the souls of its residents through their anuses. It’s both puerile and juvenile, but very funny, and it somehow manages to appropriate the mummy for a moving treatment of aging and what it means to be facing death and confronting your “legacy,” or what you might leave behind. As Elvis asks at one point, “In the end… does anything really matter?”
Perhaps here is the core of the mummy film, whether in 1918 or today: Death is always coming for you, and there’s nothing you can do about it—but maybe being preserved on film is one way to overcome it. That feeling will never go out of style.[end-mark]
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