When you dig into the statistics behind dyslexia‚ several strange insights emerge. Not only do rates of dyslexia seem to vary massively between different languages‚ but it’s also evident that some bilingual people can be dyslexic in English but not their mother tongue. How does that make sense?Dyslexia is a condition that causes difficulties with spelling‚ reading‚ and writing. People with the condition will often have problems identifying speech sounds and learning how they relate to letters and words‚ making it difficult to communicate through written language. It’s thought to be a condition people are born with and often appears to run in families. However‚ the language you speak also appears to have an unusual influence on the condition. Among English speakers‚ 10 percent of the population is believed to be dyslexic‚ according to the British Dyslexia Association. Amidst speakers of other languages‚ dyslexia is significantly less common. When Japanese speakers were tested on the syllabic Kana writing system‚ the estimated prevalence was 2 to 3 percent. Meanwhile‚ when tested on the logographic system‚ Kanji‚ it was 5 to 6 percent. Similar rates of dyslexia are also seen in Chinese speakers‚ where the prevalence is around 3.9 percent. Relative to English‚ lower rates of the condition can also be found in other European languages that are in the same family as English‚ known as the Indo-European Language family. Studies have suggested that Italian speakers are only half as likely to show signs of dyslexia compared to English speakers (and French speakers).The explanation may partially lie in the way we test for dyslexia and how other cultures perceive certain learning difficulties. It might even reflect some educational differences between countries.Alternatively‚ it may have something to do with the innate qualities of the language. English and French are both languages that have an “irregular orthography”. In other words‚ it can be very unpredictable and inconsistent. The sounds of the language don't match clearly to letter combinations‚ plus there are more irregularities in pronunciation and spelling.As a wise meme once said: If you ever think English isn't a weird language‚ "just remember that read and lead rhyme and read and lead rhyme‚ but read and lead don't rhyme and neither do read and lead.”In English‚ there are 1‚120 ways of representing 40 sounds (phonemes) using different letter combinations (graphemes). Meanwhile‚ Italian has 33 graphemes that are sufficient to represent the 25 phonemes‚ making it simpler to process.This is potentially why native Italian speakers can have no problem with their mother tongue‚ but experience dyslexia when they learn English as a second language.“The English writing system is so irregular – print to sound or sound to print translation is not always one to one‚” Professor Taeko Wydell‚ Brunel University London’s Professor of Cognitive Neuroscience‚ told BBC radio documentary Dyslexia: Language and Childhood in 2020.“This irregularity or inconsistency makes it especially difficult for dyslexic individuals to master reading and writing in English.”“This kind of irregularity doesn’t happen in other languages such as Italian‚ Spanish‚ or Finnish‚” said Prof Wydell.There are a bunch of other strands of evidence that back up this theory.  A study in 2013 compared the reading skills of children learning English‚ Spanish‚ and Czech‚ concluding that kids took significantly longer to get a solid grasp of English compared to the other two languages. This difficulty follows English speakers into adulthood. Research in 2015 used eye-tracking technology to show that English adults' eyes linger more on each word when reading‚ compared to a German speaker. This implied that more cognitive power was needed for the readers to process English. So‚ if you’re part of the 10 percent of people who experience dyslexia‚ do not be scared to try learning another language - you might find it easier than you think. 

Children in hunter-gatherer societies have a completely different experience with physical activity than we do – and we should be taking notes‚ according to a new study‚ not yet peer-reviewed‚ from researchers in the UK.There are many advantages to living in a developed region. TV‚ for example‚ is one; so is the internet; the high-tech smartphone you’re reading this on‚ and the indoor plumbing you’re likely utilizing as you do so.But with affluence comes disease. It’s always been the case: in the 18th century‚ illnesses like gout were considered “rich man’s diseases”; today‚ the so-called “diseases of affluence” include diabetes‚ hypertension‚ heart disease – basically‚ any non-communicable disease caused by an overabundance of nutrition and an underabundance of exercise.The trouble is‚ those conditions are virtually unavoidable for many of us. Four out of five jobs in the US involve sitting down for most of the day‚ and the average American has to drive for an hour a day to even get to work and back. Meanwhile‚ family time is often organized around sitting and eating; everybody’s tired; there’s a new season of Supernatural being teased – all in all‚ it’s no wonder that less than one in four of us are managing to also get the amount of aerobic and strength exercise recommended by health experts.Unfortunately‚ living an almost entirely sedentary life is what medical professionals refer to as “a bad idea.” It’s estimated that up to one in eight early deaths can be attributed to physical inactivity; regular exercise‚ on the other hand‚ can increase your life expectancy by close to seven years. That leaves researchers with a dilemma: there’s currently “significant interest in examining the cultural factors driving increased activity‚” the preprint explains‚ but the only people available to study are unsuited for the job.“Research that has attempted to [study] this has largely done so using culturally similar‚ highly sedentary‚ high-income populations‚” write the authors. “These populations represent a narrow fraction of human cultures‚ for whom daily calorie acquisition is decreasingly dependent on physical activity‚ with labor increasingly sedentary and foraging replaced with market-bought goods.”To combat this lack of information‚ researchers have turned to modern hunter-gatherer societies‚ among others‚ to compare our post-industrial lifestyles. The Hadza people of Tanzania‚ for example‚ get close to 15 times the amount of moderate to vigorous physical activity as the average American; other hunter-gatherer communities are similar‚ and all “appear to have exceptionally low rates of non-communicable ‘diseases of modern life’‚ including low rates of obesity‚ type II diabetes‚ hypertension‚ and auto-immune disorders‚” the team points out.But previous studies have neglected something very important‚ they argue: children. “Hunter-gatherer childhoods are marked by learning of skills such as gathering wild plants‚ hunting animals‚ collecting honey and caterpillars‚ fishing‚ childcare and domestic activities‚” the researchers explain‚ while in high-income populations‚ “up to 80 percent of children globally fail to meet recommended physical activity guidelines.” And‚ since the amount of exercise you get as a kid is a pretty good predictor of how active you are as an adult‚ it’s probably wise to take a look at what’s going on‚ and why.There were three cohorts of children involved in the study: a US group‚ whose data came from the American National Health And Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES); a UK group‚ which used information from the British Millennium Cohort Study (MCS); and a group from the BaYaka people in the Republic of Congo‚ who were monitored using wrist-worn accelerometers.The results couldn’t have been more different. Not only were BaYaka children far more active than their UK and US peers – “the average day included over three hours of MVPA [moderate and vigorous physical activity]‚” the authors note‚ which is “a volume triple the WHO recommendations for children” – but they also showed the exact opposite trend in activity levels with age. “Amongst the BaYaka‚ older children were more active than younger children‚” the researchers discovered. “This is in stark contrast to children in the US sample presented here and other high-income populations where volumes of physical activity commonly peak in early childhood (ages 5 to 6) and decline from then‚ until reaching a low plateau in adulthood.”The lesson? Well‚ apart from the obvious – that those of us in high-income nations have moved a long way away from our evolved niches‚ and our health is both benefiting from that change and suffering from it‚ too – it may be that Bart Simpson had it right all along. Perhaps school is making us sick.“The observations in the BaYaka and the sampled high-income populations suggest that formal schooling may promote inactivity in children‚ limiting their autonomy by mandating long periods of sedentary activity‚” suggest the researchers. “This schooling structure might contribute to increasing mental health problems and decreased child happiness observed in high-income populations.”But what’s the alternative? Well‚ to be honest‚ it sounds rather nice.“Without formal classrooms‚ BaYaka children choose their activities‚ with no imposed sedentary behavior‚” the team point out. “Their daily activities‚ unlike American children’s regimented school schedules‚ are more variable and reflect an ecology of autonomous play‚ foraging‚ and rest […] Implementing BaYaka perspectives‚ like breaking up prolonged bouts of sedentary behavior as employed in forest-school and Udeskole (outdoor-school) programs has been observed to increase overall activity.”The preprint can be found on BioArXiv.

Going through stressful events at a young age can sometimes have a lasting impact on our own lives and the generations that come after us. But that’s not a uniquely human phenomenon – researchers have discovered a similar pattern in red abalone‚ with a legacy of stress created after exposure to ocean acidification."For red abalone‚ if your parents were exposed to ocean acidification‚ it does impact your ability to handle stress‚" said lead author Isabelle Neylan in a statement. "It's carrying over within that generation and on to the next generation."They reached this conclusion after an experiment lasting over five years‚ the first step of which was spawning adult red abalone and then‚ for three months‚ exposing half their offspring to current ocean conditions and the other half to highly acidic conditions. The latter represents the potential near-future conditions of the oceans‚ as carbon dioxide emissions contribute to ocean acidification.The giant sea snails that survived were raised for four years before again being exposed to either high or low-acidity conditions for a further 11 months‚ with monitoring of their reproductive potential and growth. Repeating history‚ they were then spawned and their offspring were exposed to high or low-acidity conditions – this was to track whether any impacts of ocean acidification had passed on to the next generation.The researchers carried out ultrasounds on the red abalone to assess their reproductive capabilities.Image credit: Jackson Gross‚ UC DavisThe results showed that early-life exposure to highly acidic conditions created a legacy of stress. Not only did it negatively affect the growth rate and reproductive abilities of the parent generation‚ but their offspring also had reduced survival and growth."We were looking to see if your parent was exposed‚ does it buffer you from the impacts? That wasn't the case‚" Neylan said. "The more you get hit‚ the worse it is‚ but there are glimmers of hope."That hope might depend on when exposure happens. As well as finding that some red abalone families coped better than others‚ the team also found that adults tended to be more resilient to ocean acidification. The issue is that‚ in the wild‚ the strong coastal upwelling events that bring with them acidic water often happen during spawning season – and these events are predicted to become more common.With this possibility in mind‚ it’s hoped this research can help highlight the threats to red abalone and focus efforts to conserve the species‚ which is listed as critically endangered on the IUCN Red List. The giant sea snails are endemic to California‚ where they are an important kelp forest species‚ but have also been a key part of the local cultural history.Purple sea urchins are one of many threats to red abalone.Image credit: Katie Sowul/California Department of Fish and Wildlife"Red abalone is a California icon‚" said co-author Daniel Swezey. "Aside from being beautiful‚ big and long-lived‚ they have tremendous cultural cache and a deep history. They mean a lot to a lot of people."But with multiple threats to their future‚ there’s plenty of work to be done to keep this sizeable icon alive. "The question now is‚ what dents can we make in that to give abalone a chance to recover?” said Swezey. “It's a tall order‚ but we're on the case."The study is published in the journal Global Change Biology.

It’s becoming increasingly clear that we will fail to meet our climate goals. We were already at 1.26°C of warming in 2022 and are on track to blow through 1.5°C in the mid-2030s. Research even suggests that current climate policy will lead to more than 2.5°C of warming by the end of this century.Warming of this magnitude would devastate vulnerable communities and ecosystems around the world. It’s time we consider something radically new that could stop climate change in its tracks.After powerful volcanic eruptions‚ like Tambora (Indonesia) in 1815 and Pinatubo (Philippines) in 1991‚ global temperatures dip for a few years. Major eruptions create a hazy layer of microscopic particles in the upper atmosphere that last for several years‚ dimming the Sun temporarily. We could copy this effect to fight climate change.The Earth is warmed by the Sun‚ but it is kept warm by greenhouse gases that trap the heat our planet gives off. The warming effect of our CO emissions could be countered by creating a persistent‚ artificial haze like those seen following major volcanic eruptions. Research has found that we would only need to dim the Sun by around 1% to cool the planet by 1°C.This may sound unlikely. But every engineering assessment to date has concluded that it would be feasible and relatively cheap to do using a fleet of high-flying jets to release reflective particles into the upper atmosphere.So we could dim the Sun – but should we?Ash cloud of Pinatubo during the 1991 eruption. Dave Harlow / US Geological Survey‚ CC BY-NC-SACooling the planet would workDimming the Sun wouldn’t perfectly reverse climate change. The Sun’s warming effect is strongest during the day‚ in the summer and at the Tropics‚ whereas greenhouse gases warm everywhere and at all times.However‚ we could create an even cooling effect across the world by adjusting where we release the particles. Research suggests that such an approach would greatly reduce climate risks.Rising temperatures really matter. Species around the world are on the move‚ tracking familiar temperatures polewards as the planet warms up. But many won’t be able to keep pace with the changing climate and others have nowhere to go‚ so extinctions are projected to increase.We are also seeing extreme heat that is edging closer to the absolute limits of the human body‚ putting lives at risk and limiting outdoor work.As the planet heats up‚ warmer air is drawing more moisture from the soil in dry times‚ and dumping more out at once when it rains. This is making dry regions drier‚ wet regions wetter‚ and is intensifying both droughts and floods across the world.Dimming the Sun would offset this effect. But it would still alter global wind and rainfall patterns.Research indicates that this would mean smaller rainfall changes overall. However‚ a small minority of places could see more pronounced changes in rainfall compared to what they would face under climate change. Climate models disagree on the details of regional rainfall changes‚ so it’s unclear at this stage which regions would see the greatest change.Blocking some sunlight would also be an effective way of keeping icy parts of the world frozen. Rising temperatures are causing the Antarctic and Greenland ice sheets to melt at an accelerating rate‚ driving up the global sea level. Climate change is also thawing permafrost (frozen soil that stores vast amounts of carbon) leading to the emission of more of methane and CO.Melting ice can accelerate the pace of global warming. US Geological Survey‚ CC BY-NC-SASide effectsAlthough dimming the Sun could keep the Earth cool‚ it would not deal with the root of the climate problem: the buildup of CO and other greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. CO not only warms the planet‚ it also acidifies the ocean‚ making it harder for corals and other creatures to form their shells. Dimming the Sun wouldn’t change this.It would bring about some side effects as well. This hazy layer of particles would make the sky a little whiter. And if we copy volcanic eruptions by releasing sulphate particles to the upper atmosphere‚ then we’d also be adding to the acid rain problem.These particles could impact the ozone layer too‚ which protects us from harmful UV rays. Research suggests that adding more sulphate particles to the upper atmosphere would delay the slow recovery of the ozone hole.These side effects are a concern. But they pale in comparison to the impacts of climate change. A recent study found that the benefit of reduced extreme heat for human health could outweigh the health impacts of these side-effects by more than 50 to 1.Paul Crutzen‚ who won a Nobel prize in 1995 for solving the chemistry of the ozone hole‚ was well aware of these side effects but nevertheless argued that we should start taking the idea of dimming the Sun seriously. In an article from 2006‚ he stressed that it would be best to cut CO emissions rapidly so that we wouldn’t need to consider dimming the Sun at all. However‚ he lamented that “currently‚ this looks like a pious wish”.Symptoms matterIt’s becoming increasingly clear that this “pious wish” isn’t coming true. Since Crutzen’s 2006 article‚ CO emissions have surged by more than 15%. We just aren’t cutting emissions fast enough to prevent climate change from wreaking terrible damage.Dimming the Sun would not address the root cause of the climate disease‚ and we must keep pushing to cut emissions‚ but a growing body of evidence suggests that it would work surprisingly well at treating the symptoms.However‚ this is not so surprising. Ice melts when it is warm‚ hotter air carries more moisture and heat has a direct impact on life. We are far from knowing enough to recommend dimming the Sun today‚ but if countries don’t start taking this idea seriously we may miss a valuable opportunity to reduce the risks of climate change.Don’t have time to read about climate change as much as you’d like?Get a weekly roundup in your inbox instead. Every Wednesday‚ The Conversation’s environment editor writes Imagine‚ a short email that goes a little deeper into just one climate issue. Join the 20‚000+ readers who’ve subscribed so far.Peter Irvine‚ Lecturer in Earth Sciences‚ UCLThis article is republished from The Conversation under a Creative Commons license. Read the original article.

Starfield new game plus is the gift that keeps on giving. In most RPGS - or most other games‚ period - when you start over‚ all it means is keeping your weapons‚ abilities‚ and character stats‚ and perhaps having the opportunity to crush and punish the bosses that drove you to despair on your first playthrough. Bethesda‚ though‚ is doing something very different. The Fallout‚ Skyrim‚ and Elder Scrolls creator has hidden a variety of secrets in repeat Starfield runs‚ including one that removes and replaces the entirety of Constellation. If you thought you’d seen everything the Settled Systems has to offer‚ think again. As you might have imagined‚ major Starfield spoilers lie ahead. Continue reading Starfield new game plus is hiding one of Bethesda’s best secrets ever MORE FROM PCGAMESN: Starfield mods‚ Starfield outposts‚ Starfield traits

Steam survival game Medieval Dynasty gets its long-awaited co-op mode today‚ letting you dive into the world of the genre-blending RPG with friends. There’s even better news‚ too‚ as those of you yet to try it but who fancy a more relaxing‚ building and management focused spin on games such as Sons of the Forest‚ Valheim‚ and Rust can get in on the action at a discount. With a ‘very positive’ 90% Steam user rating from over 27‚000 reviews‚ you’d certainly be in great company. Continue reading 9/10 Medieval survival RPG launches long-awaited co-op mode MORE FROM PCGAMESN: Upcoming PC games‚ Best RPG games

Resident Evil 4 Remake is a terrific example of how to reinvent a classic game without sacrificing what initially made it great. The guns are louder‚ the combat is tougher‚ and the visuals are superb‚ but the fundamentals of the first RE4 remain. Now‚ Capcom’s superlative action horror has been remade again‚ only this time with a slightly different set of ambitions. Imagining an alternate dimension where Resident Evil 4 was released around 1998‚ this is the landmark‚ Leon Kennedy over-the-shoulder shooter but with fixed cameras‚ 2D backgrounds‚ and wonderful polygonal graphics‚ and you can check out the whole thing right now. Continue reading Resident Evil 4 remade as a fixed-camera‚ classic survival horror game MORE FROM PCGAMESN: Resident Evil 4 Remake review‚ Resident Evil 4 Remake system requirements‚ Best Resident Evil 4 remake weapons

Case screens are nothing new‚ with them having been part of the case modding community for decades. However‚ few cases include them as standard. Hyte has done just that‚ though‚ with its Y70 Touch‚ which offers the same angular design as the company's smaller H60 but with expanded dimensions and the addition of a beautiful 4K IPS touch screen. There are no fans as standard‚ so this Hyte case is for someone who wants to start with a clean slate‚ adding their own cooling hardware. This also means that combined with its high price‚ this definitely isn't for those seeking the absolute best PC case bang for their buck‚ but its sheer quality means it still earns a place on our best PC case guide. Continue reading Hyte Y70 Touch review – a colossal PC case with a 4K screen MORE FROM PCGAMESN: Best graphics card‚ Best gaming PC‚ Best SSD for gaming

From education and health care to defense‚ few‚ if any‚ sectors will be spared from the tightening grip of rising debt.

We don’t need criminal courts to tell us they’re dishonest‚ boorish‚ and unfit to serve in elected office.