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The Survival And Basic Badass Podcast Episode: Camp Stoves

The Survival And Basic Badass Podcast Episode:4/6/24 After Show Terror In The Skies

Astronomers routinely provide the ages of the stars they study. But the methods of measuring ages arent 100% accurate. Measuring the ages of distant stars is a difficult task. The Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope should make some progress.Stars like our Sun settle into their main sequence lives of fusion and change very little for billions of years. Its like watching middle-aged adults go about their business during their working lives. They get up‚ drive to work‚ sit at a desk‚ then drive home. But what can change over time is their rotation rate. The Sun now rotates about once a month. When it was first formed‚ it rotated more rapidly. But over time‚ the Suns rotation rate‚ and the rotation rate of stars the same mass or lower than the Suns‚ will slow down. The slowdown is caused by interactions between the stars magnetic fields and the stellar wind‚ the stream of high-energy protons and electrons emitted by stars. Over time‚ these interactions reduce a stars angular momentum‚ and its rotation slows. The phenomenon is called magnetic braking‚ and it depends on the strength of a stars magnetic fields. When the Sun rotates‚ the magnetic field lines rotate with it. The combination is almost like a solid object. Ionized material from the solar wind will be carried along the field lines and‚ at some point‚ will escape the magnetic field lines altogether. That reduces the Suns angular momentum. Image Credit: By Coronal_Hole_Magnetic_Field_Lines.svg: Sebman81Sun_in_X-Ray.png: NASA Goddard Laboratory for AtmospheresCelestia_sun.jpg: NikoLangderivative work: Aza (talk) Coronal_Hole_Magnetic_Field_Lines.svgSun_in_X-Ray.pngCelestia_sun.jpg‚ CC BY-SA 3.0‚ https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=8258519The more rapidly a star initially spins‚ the stronger its magnetic fields. That means they slow down faster. After about one billion years of life‚ stars of the same age and mass will spin at the same rate. Once astronomers know a stars mass and rotation rate‚ they can estimate its age. Knowing stars ages is critical in research. It makes everything astronomers do more accurate‚ including piecing together the Milky Ways history. The problem is that measuring rotation rates is challenging. One method is to observe spots on stars surfaces and watch as they come into and out of view. All stars have star spots‚ though their characteristics vary quite a bit. In fact‚ stars can have dozens of spots‚ and the spots change locations. Therein lies the difficulty. Its extremely difficult to figure out the periodicity when dozens of spots change locations on the stars surface. This is where the Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope (the Roman) comes in. Its scheduled for launch in May 2027 to begin its five-year mission. Its a wide-field infrared survey telescope with multiple science objectives. One of its main programs is the Galactic Bulge Time Domain Survey. That effort will gather detailed information on hundreds of millions of stars in the Milky Ways galactic bulge. This is a simulated image of what the Roman Space Telescope will see when it surveys the Milky Ways galactic bulge. The telescope will observe hundreds of millions of stars in the region. Image Credit: Matthew Penny (Louisiana State University)The Roman will generate an enormous amount of data. Much of it will be measurements of how the brightness of hundreds of thousands of stars changes. But untangling those measurements and figuring out what those changes in brightness mean for stellar rotation requires help from AI.Astronomers at the University of Florida are developing AI to extract stellar rotation periods from all that data.Zachary Claytor is a postdoc at the University of Florida and the AI projects science principal investigator. Their AI is called a convolutional neural network. This type of AI is well-suited to analyzing images and is used in image classification and medical image analysis‚ among other things. AI needs to be trained before it can do its job. In this case‚ Claytor and his associates wrote a computer program to generate simulated stellar light curves for the AI to process and learn from. This program lets the user set a number of variables‚ like the stars rotation rate‚ the number of spots‚ and spot lifetimes. Then it will calculate how spots emerge‚ evolve‚ and decay as the star rotates and convert that spot evolution to a light curve what we would measure from a distance‚ explained Claytor.Claytor and his co-researchers have already tested their AI on data from NASAs TESS‚ the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite. The longer a stars rotation period is‚ the more difficult it is to measure. But the teams AI demonstrated that it could successfully determine these periods in TESS data. The Romans Galactic Bulge Time Domain Survey is still being designed. So astronomers can use this AI-based effort to help design the survey. We can test which things matter and what we can pull out of the Roman data depending on different survey strategies. So when we actually get the data‚ well already have a plan‚ said Jamie Tayar‚ assistant professor of astronomy at the University of Florida and the programs principal investigator.We have a lot of the tools already‚ and we think they can be adapted to Roman‚ she added.Artists impression of the Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope‚ named after NASAs first Chief of Astronomy. When launched later this decade‚ the telescope will measure the rotational periods of hundreds of thousands of stars and‚ with the help of AI‚ will determine their ages. Credits: NASAMeasuring stellar ages is difficult‚ yet age is a key factor in understanding any star. Astronomers use various methods to measure ages‚ including evolutionary models‚ a stars membership in a cluster of similarly-aged stars‚ and even the presence of a protoplanetary disk. But no single method can measure every stars age‚ and each method has its own drawbacks.If the Roman can break through this barrier and accurately measure stellar rotation rates‚ astronomers should have a leg-up in understanding stellar ages. But theres still one problem: magnetic braking.This method relies on a solid understanding of how magnetic braking works over time. But astronomers may not understand it as thoroughly as theyd like. For instance‚ research from 2016 showed that magnetic braking might not slow down older stars as much as thought. That research found unexpectedly rapid rotation rates in stars more evolved than our Sun. Somehow‚ astronomers will figure this all out. The Roman Space Telescope should help‚ as its vast trove of data is bound to lead to some unexpected conclusions. One way or another‚ with the help of the Roman Space Telescope‚ the ESAs Gaia mission‚ and others‚ astronomers will untangle the problem of measuring everything about stars‚ including their ages. The post Roman Will Learn the Ages of Hundreds of Thousands of Stars appeared first on Universe Today.

When light strikes the atmosphere all sorts of interesting things can happen. Water vapor can split sunlight into a rainbow arc of colors‚ corpuscular rays can stream through gaps in clouds like the light from heaven‚ and halos and sundogs can appear due to sunlight reflecting off ice crystals. And then there is the glory effect‚ which can create a colorful almost saint-like halo around objects.Like rainbows‚ glories are seen when facing away from the light source. They are often confused with circular rainbows because of their similarity‚ but glories are a unique effect. Rainbows are caused by the refraction of light through water droplets‚ while glories are caused by the wave interference of light. Because of this‚ a glory is most apparent when the water droplets of a cloud or fog are small and uniform in size. The appearance of a glory gives us information about the atmosphere. We have assumed that some distant exoplanets would experience glories similar to Earth‚ but now astronomers have found the first evidence of them.A solar glory seen from an airplane. Credit: Brocken InagloryThe observations come from the Characterising ExOplanet Satellite (Cheops) as well as observations from other observatories of an exoplanet known as WASP-76b. Its not the kind of exoplanet where youd expect a glory to appear. WASP-76b is not a temperate Earth-like world with a humid atmosphere‚ but a hellish hot Jupiter with a surface temperature of about 2‚500 Kelvin. Because of this‚ the team wasnt looking for extraterrestrial glories but rather studying the odd asymmetry of the planets atmosphere.WASP-76b orbits its star at a tenth of the distance of Mercury from the Sun. At such a close distance the world is likely tidally locked‚ with one side forever boiling under its suns heat and the other side always in shadow. No such planet exists in our solar system‚ so astronomers are eager to study how this would affect the atmosphere of such a world. Previous studies have shown that the atmosphere is not symmetrical. The star-facing side is puffed up by the immense heat‚ while the atmosphere of the dark side is more dense.For three years the team observed WASP-76b as it passed in front of and behind its star‚ capturing data on the intersection between the light and dark side. They found that on the planets eastern terminator (the boundary between light and dark sides) there was a surprising increase in light. This extra glow could be caused by a glory effect. It will take more observations to confirm this effect but if verified it will be the first glory observed beyond our solar system. Currently‚ glories have only been observed on Earth and Venus.The presence of a glory on WASP-76b would mean that spherical droplets must have been present in the atmosphere for at least three years. This means either they are stable within the atmosphere‚ or they are constantly replenished. One possibility is that the glory is caused by iron droplets that rain from the sky on the cooler side of the planet. Even if this particular effect is not confirmed‚ the ability of modern telescopes to capture this data suggests that we will soon be able to study many subtle effects of exoplanet atmospheres.Reference: Demangeon‚ O. D. S.‚ et al. Asymmetry in the atmosphere of the ultra-hot Jupiter WASP-76 b. Astronomy &;amp; Astrophysics 684 (2024): A27.The post The First Atmospheric Rainbow on an Exoplanet? appeared first on Universe Today.

Screenwriters have featured the phenomenon in a variety of ways. Continue reading