Power lines are a great place to look if you are in need of birds or shoes. It's not unusual to see a group of small birds, or a larger bird, apparently relaxing on wires used to transfer electricity over long distances to consumers. So why do they do this, and how come they don't get electrocuted? The "why" is fairly simple to explain. The wires offer a nice perch from which birds can view their surroundings for potential predators or prey, with their views unobscured by the foliage of trees. As for why they don't get electrocuted, the answer is that many of them do. One 2014 study estimated that between 0.9 and 11.6 million birds are killed by electrocution in the US every year. Larger birds like raptors are at particular risk, as it increases the possibility of them touching two wires, or a wire and a grounding source. One 2016 study by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service’s National Forensics Laboratory looked at 417 electrocuted raptors, finding that nearly 80 percent of fatalities were bald or golden eagles.However, the reason why birds mostly don't get electrocuted is because they took the trouble to evolve the ability to fly, and access the power lines using this ability. Had they climbed onto the power line via a ladder, and not worn appropriate insulative clothing for birds, they would be fried like the rest of us.Birds perched on a single power line are not killed because they are not grounded."The birds are not forming a connection between the power line and the ground, so they're not connecting the circuit," Will Babb of the Ohio Department of Natural Resources' Division of Wildlife explained to Cincinnati Enquirer. "But if we were to touch a power line while standing on the ground, we'd complete the circuit, and bad things would happen."             Imagine you are pushing a whole load of balls up a mountain range and along a long path at the top. The balls continue along this ridge until they reach the other end, and roll down the path, converting gravitational potential energy to kinetic energy. If you were to create another path along the ridge that leads down the mountain more quickly, they would of course roll down it rather than wait for the path at the end of the trail. In the same way, a grounded, electrically conductive object that touches a live electrical wire provides another path for electricity to flow through. So if birds touch a wire and a utility pole at the same time, it can provide a path to the ground, which is very bad news for the birds. Or they can touch two wires simultaneously if they are big enough, allowing electricity to flow, which is again very bad news for the bird. All “explainer” articles are confirmed by fact checkers to be correct at time of publishing. Text, images, and links may be edited, removed, or added to at a later date to keep information current.  

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Craters are a familiar sight on the lunar surface and indeed on many of the rocky planets in the Solar System. There are other circular features that are picked up on images from orbiters but these pits are thought to be the collapsed roofs of lava tubes. A team of researchers have mapped one of these tubes using radar reflection and created the first 3D map of the tube’s entrance. Places like these could make ideal places to setup research stations, protected from the harsh environment of an alien world.  Lava tubes have been hotly debated for the last 50 years. They are the result of ancient volcanic activity and develop when the surface of a lava flow cools and hardens. Below this, the molten lava continues to move and eventually drains away leaving behind a hollow tunnel. Exploring these tunnels can mean we can learn more about the geological history of the Moon from the preserved records in the rocks.  The lava tubes have been the subject of analysis by NASA’s Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO) which began its journey in 2009. It’s purpose was to gather information about the Moon’s surface and environment and to that end has a plethora of scientific equipment. LRO has been mapping the lunar surface using high resolution imagery capturing temperature, radiation levels and water ice deposits. All with a view to identifying potential landing sites for future missions. Artist’s rendering of Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO) in orbit. Credit: ASU/LROC A team of scientists from around the world have been working together to make a breakthrough in the quest to understand these tubes. The research was led by the University of Trento in Italy and the results published in Nature Astronomy. They have identified the first, confirmed tunnel just under the surface of the Moon that seems to be an empty lava tube. Until now, their existence was just a theory, now they are a reality.  The discovery would not have been possible without the LRO and its Miniature Radio-Frequency instrument. In 2010 it surveyed Mare Tranquilitatis – location for Apollo 11’s historic lunar landing in 1969 – capturing data which included the region around a pit. As part of this new research the data was reanalysed with modern complex signal processing techniques. The analysis revealed previously unidentified radar reflections that can best be explained by an underground cave or tunnel. Excitingly perhaps is that this represents an underground tunnel on the surface of the Moon but it is an accessible tunnel too. Buzz Aldrin Gazes at Tranquility Base during the Apollo 11 moonwalk in an image taken by Neil Armstrong. Credit: NASA The discovery highlights the importance of continued analysis of historical data, even from decades ago for hidden information that modern techniques can reveal. It also highlights the importance of further remote sensing and lunar exploration from orbit to identify more lava tubes as potential safe havens for lunar explorers.  Travellers to the Moon can experience temperatures on the illuminated side of 127 degrees down to -173 degrees on the night time side. Radiation from the Sun can rocket – pardon the pun – to 150 times more powerful than here on Earth and that’s not even considering the threat of meteorite impacts. We are protected from thousands of tonnes of the stuff thanks to the atmosphere but there is no protective shield on the Moon. If we build structures on the surface of the Moon then they must be built to withstand such a hostile environment but look to lava tubes and many of the problems naturally go away making it a far safer and cheaper prospect to establish a lunar presence.  Source : Existence of lunar lava tube cave demonstrated The post The Entrance of a Lunar Lava Tube Mapped from Space appeared first on Universe Today.

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