Protect your food storage from light and you will significantly extend the shelf life. Any light wants to convert molecular oxygen into free radicals and then free radicals combine with fatty acids to cause rancidity. Once started‚ rancidity can't be stopped. Keep your stored foods in the dark! Thanks for being part of the solution! Follow us! *Instagram – theprovidentprepper https://www.instagram.com/theprovidentprepper/ *Facebook – The Provident Prepper: Building Your Family Ark https://www.facebook.com/ProvidentPrepper *Pinterest – The Provident Prepper https://www.pinterest.com/TheProvidentPrepper/ TheProvidentPrepper.org is a participant in the Amazon Services LLC Associates Program‚ an affiliate advertising program designed to provide a means for sites to earn advertising fees by advertising and linking to Amazon.com. This site also participates in other affiliate programs and is compensated for referring traffic and business to these companies.

Buddy Heaters are some of the best ways to stay warm during winter power outages. This video covers what everyone needs to know when choosing one for backup heating and how to use it safely. *I would like to thank Scheels for sponsoring today's video. You can find the Buddy Flex and other Buddy Heaters by clicking here: https://bit.ly/47I0hOq (affiliate link) Other Recommended Prepper and Survival Gear: Ecoflow Solar Generators: https://us.ecoflow.com/?aff=136 (affiliate link) Harvest Right Freeze Dryers: https://affiliates.harvestright.com/1915.html (affiliate link) Bulletsafe Body Armor: https://bit.ly/40WrXNi (affiliate link) Ecozoom Rocket Stove: https://amzn.to/3uuS29X (affiliate link) Coleman Triton Propane Camp Stove: https://amzn.to/3RiZD4H (affiliate link) Sawyer TAP Water Filter: https://amzn.to/47LRyKU (affiliate link) Grayl Geopress Water Purifier Bottle: https://amzn.to/49R83Y1 (affiliate link) Dietz Air Pilot Hurricane Lantern: https://amzn.to/47SQQeW (affiliate link) Prepper's Long-Term Survival Guide Second Edition: https://amzn.to/47TEd3d (affiliate link) Mira Safety Gas Masks: https://bit.ly/3Z3T5Ie (affiliate link) Arcturus Wool Blanket: https://amzn.to/3Rjj8Kq (affiliate link) Aquapod Emergency Water Storage Bladder: https://amzn.to/47wkGpY (affiliate link) This channel is owned and operated by DIY Prepper. DIYPrepper.com is a participant in the Amazon Services LLC Associates Program‚ an affiliate advertising program designed to provide a means for sites to earn advertising fees by advertising and linking to Amazon.com. This channel also participates in other affiliate programs and is compensated for referring traffic and business to these companies.

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Pressure canning pumpkin and squash is quite easy and can be done very cheaply in recycled jars with a few precautions. In this video‚ I cook the pumpkin‚ cut it into chunks‚ can the pumpkin‚ and begin the pressure cooking process. I also discuss the process itself and why each step is necessary. ITEMS MENTIONED IN THIS VIDEO: All American Pressure Cooker: https://amzn.to/3sQYyYm ORDER YOUR OWN COPY OF BUG OUT: https://www.calclub.store/product-p/bugout-preorder.htm If you enjoy this channel and would like to see it continue‚ please consider supporting my work on Patreon at http://www.patreon.com/PraxisPrepper or via Paypal at PraxisPrepper@gmail.com SHARE ON: https://www.facebook.com/PraxisPrepper https://twitter.com/praxisprepper

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When a spacecraft dies‚ it loses the ability to maintain its direction in space. Additionally‚ as the spacecraft’s orbit begins to decay‚ the thin atmosphere interacts with the spacecraft‚ causing it to tumble unpredictably. ESA’s Clean Space Initiative hopes to remove the most hazardous space debris. This means capturing dead satellites that are in a death spiral. To help begin the project Researchers observed over 20 objects in space over two year and then recreated their spin to develop plans to retrieve them. Retrieving a tumbling spacecraft will require a brave robot to take on the task! This illustration depicts the Kessler Syndrome‚ named after American astrophysicist Donald Kessler‚ where collisions produce more debris that leads to a growing cascade of collisions that ultimately makes Earth orbit unusable. In 2012‚ Kessler co-authored an article warning that we’re already at the tipping point. Image Credit: ESA It is estimated that there are 130 million pieces of space debris larger than a millimeter orbiting Earth. About once a week‚ a satellite or rocket body reenters uncontrolled through our atmosphere. ESA has been active in trying to avoid the creation of new debris while coming up with plans to retrieve old satellites and other debris in orbit. The priority would be to remove dead satellites from highly trafficked orbits. ESA said the preferred method of ‘Active Debris Removal’ would be robotically grabbing the target object. That’s why knowing a tumbling spacecraft’s precise orientation and motion will be vital. To understand the tumbling that almost all satellites and rocket bodies undergo after they run out of fuel or become defunct‚ researchers at the Astronomical Institute of the University of Bern combined optical‚ laser ranging and radar observations to refine an existing ‘In-Orbit Tumbling Analysis’ computer model. The goal was to identify‚ understand and predict the attitude motion of a fully defunct satellite within a few passes. The researchers looked at a long list of things that might trigger movements of unpowered satellites‚ including ‘eddy currents’ as internal magnetic fields interact with Earth’s magnetosphere‚ drag from the vestigial atmosphere‚ gravity gradients between the top of an object and its bottom‚ outgassing and fuel leaks‚ the faint but steady push of sunlight – known as ‘solar radiation pressure’ – micrometeoroid and debris impacts‚ even the sloshing of leftover fuel. What the researchers found was that rocket bodies and satellites in lower orbits are mostly influenced by gravity gradients and eddy currents‚ while up at geostationary altitudes (about 35‚786 km‚ or 22‚236 miles)‚ satellites with large solar panels were very sensitive to solar radiation pressure. From their two-year analysis‚ the researchers are now refining the computer model of the In-Orbit Tumbling Analysis (IOTA) that is used to fit full 6-degree of freedom spacecraft dynamics to the measurements. The IOTA allows researchers to simulate the movements of defunct satellites‚ based on their size‚ orbit and other factors. From that‚ future orbital retrieval spacecraft can be designed and tested to help clean up the busiest areas from orbital debris. ESA also has enacted a Zero Debris Approach for their spacecraft’s mission design which adopts practices that prevent creating debris in the first place. The post Simulating a Piece of Space Junk appeared first on Universe Today.

Some stars are stuck in bad binary relationships. A massive primary star feeds on its smaller companion‚ sucking gas from the companion and adding it to its own mass while diminishing its unfortunate partner. These vampire stars are called Be stars‚ and up until now‚ astronomers thought they existed in binary relationships. But new research shows that these stars are only able to feed on their diminutive neighbour because of a third star present in the system. Be stars are a sub-type of B stars. B is the stars’ spectral type‚ so both B and Be stars share the same type. Both types are luminous and blue‚ but while B stars can be from 2-16 times as massive as the Sun‚ Be stars aren’t as massive. Be stars also rotate more rapidly than other stars‚ and have accretion rings. About 20% of B stars are Be stars. Be stars are important in our quest to understand how stars form and evolve. Astronomers have known about Be stars for a long time‚ but their formation mechanism has been uncertain. Until now. New research in the Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society presents evidence that goes a long way to explaining how Be stars form. Its title is “Gaia uncovers difference in B and Be star binarity at small scales: evidence for mass transfer causing the Be phenomenon.” The lead author is Jonathan Dodd‚ a Ph.D. student at the University of Leeds in the UK. In general‚ astrophysicists understand how stars form. A molecular cloud collapses locally into a protostar‚ which gradually grows more massive over time until fusion is triggered. But there are many variations on that theme‚ and there are lots of different types of stars in different situations. Astronomers know that vampire Be stars form accretion rings of superheated gas‚ and up until now‚ they thought they had the arrangement figured out. The current understanding is that the Be star’s proximity to the donor star allows the Be star to grow by drawing gas away from the donor into its accretion disk and then into itself. This also increases the Be star’s rotation. Astronomers have found many examples of stripped companion stars around Be stars‚ adding to the evidence. This is an artist’s illustration of Achernar‚ the brightest Be star we know of. Its rapid rotation forces it into an oblate shape‚ and it also has Be star’s telltale disk. Image Credit: earthsky.org But the new research shows that a third star is involved. This enabler star only came into view thanks to the ESA’s Gaia mission. Gaia’s mission is to observe over one billion stars and measure their positions and velocities accurately. “Here‚ we exploit the exquisite astrometric precision of Gaia to carry out the largest to-date comparative study into the binarity of matched samples of nearby B and Be stars from the Bright Star Catalogue‚” the authors write in their paper. “We observed the way the stars move across the night sky‚ over longer periods like 10 years‚ and shorter periods of around six months‚” Dodd said. “If a star moves in a straight line‚ we know there’s just one star‚ but if there is more than one‚ we will see a slight wobble or‚ in the best case‚ a spiral.” “We applied this across the two groups of stars that we are looking at – the B stars and the Be stars – and what we found‚ confusingly‚ is that at first‚ it looks like the Be stars have a lower rate of companions than the B stars‚” Dodd said. “This is interesting because we’d expect them to have a higher rate.” If Be stars grow larger because they draw material away from a donor star‚ then‚ of course‚ Be stars should have more binary partners than B stars. Maybe they’re there‚ but they’re just difficult to detect. “The fact that we do not see them might be because they are now too faint to be detected‚” said Professor René Oudmaijer‚ the study’s co-author. The researchers dug deeper into data‚ looking for the binary companions of Be stars that might be further away. They found that at larger separations‚ the rate of companion stars is much more similar between B and Be stars. From this‚ they inferred that a third star is involved‚ and it’s actually the one they’re seeing at a larger separation. This artist’s impression shows a vampire star (left) stealing material from its victim: New research using data from ESO’s Very Large Telescope has revealed that the hottest and brightest stars are often found in close pairs. Many of such binaries will‚ at some point‚ transfer mass from one star to another‚ a kind of stellar vampirism depicted in this artist’s impression. Credit: ESO/M. Kornmesser/S.E. de Mink  They think that interactions with the third star force the donor star to come closer to the vampire star. As the donor draws closer to the vampire star‚ the vampire star siphons off material into its accretion disk. As a result‚ the donor star is so small and faint that it becomes difficult to observe. The companion stars that the team discovered when they widened their search are too distant from the vampire star for the vampire star to siphon off mass. But astronomers know that a third star can drive a binary pair closer together and also ‘harden’ the link between the inner pair. “It is well known that higher-order multiplicity can result in the hardening of an inner binary‚” the authors explain in their research. “Indeed‚ a third body increases the occurrences of migration and eventual binary interactions significantly.” There are a couple of ways the scenario can play out. When a system eventually forms a stripped binary‚ the mass transfer can take place between the inner pair‚ and the outer third star can become unbound. Or‚ the inner binary can actually merge; the outer third star migrates closer to the primary star‚ and the migrated star can become the new donor. Either way‚ binary interactions are responsible for Be stars. “Our results therefore imply that close binary interactions are responsible for the formation of Be stars‚” the authors write. “Moreover‚ we suggest that triplicity must play a vital role in triggering this migration and thus in the formation of Be stars as a whole.” The discovery not only sheds light on how Be stars come to be. It also sheds light on gravitational waves. Gravitational waves are created when two massive objects merge‚ like a pair of black holes‚ a pair of neutron stars‚ or one of each. If stripped companions are present near Be stars‚ and a third star is needed for the scenario to play out‚ then can this paint a clearer picture of the progenitors of some of the dense objects that lead to gravitational waves? “There’s a revolution going on in physics at the moment around gravitational waves‚” Professor Oudmaijer said. “We have only been observing these gravitational waves for a few years now‚ and these have been found to be due to merging black holes.” “We know that these enigmatic objects – black holes and neutron stars – exist‚ but we don’t know much about the stars that would become them. Our findings provide a clue to understanding these gravitational wave sources‚” Oudmaijer added. Artist’s conception of a neutron star merger. Image Credit: Tohoku University “Over the last decade or so‚ astronomers have found that binarity is an incredibly important element in stellar evolution. We are now moving more towards the idea it is even more complex than that‚ and that triple stars need to be considered‚” Oudmaijer said.? “Indeed‚” he added‚ “triples have become the new binaries.” The post Vampire Stars Get Help from a Third Star to Feed appeared first on Universe Today.

Ripples in a pond can be captivating on a nice sunny day as can ripples in the very fabric of space‚ although the latter are a little harder to observe.  Using the highly tuned Gaia probe‚ a team of astronomers propose that it might just be possible to detect gravitational waves through the disturbance they impart on the movement of asteroids in our Solar System! In the teaser I said that gravitational waves were difficult to observe‚ largely because they are invisible and incredibly fast‚ travelling at the speed of light (approximately 300‚000 km per second). Despite the challenge in observing them‚ the first waves were detected in 2015 using the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory or LIGO for short.  LIGO Observatory from above (Credit : LIGO Observatory) Let’s go back a little first though. It was Einstein who first suggested that an event in the Universe that exhibited movement; perhaps two objects orbiting each other or a star exploding might generate ripples through space‚ stretching and squeezing anything in its path. These are the gravitational waves and that’s what LIGO detected eight years ago‚ supporting Einstein’s theory.  Current observations of gravitational waves are limited to those in the 100 Hz frequency which are produced during the merger of compact binary stars.  Another technique uses Pulsar Timing Arrays (PTAs) to explore wave frequencies between 10 to 8 Hz.  The PTA method examines a known selection of millisecond pulsars across the Galaxy. Pulsars are the highly magnetised remains of a supermassive star that has gone supernova and emit  beams of radiation out of their magnetic poles. As the pulsar rotates and if its poles are aligned with Earth‚ we see a regular burst or pulse of radiation as the beam sweeps by. Pulsar PSR B1509?58 – X-rays from Chandra are gold; Infrared from WISE in red‚ green and blue/max (Credit : ASA/CXC/SAO (X-Ray); NASA/JPL-Caltech (Infrared)) A pulsars pulse is highly precise and they make fabulous timekeepers across the Universe.  PTA’s observe these pulsars and constantly review the pulse timings. If a gravitational wave passes through‚ then tiny yet observable differences in the arrival of the pulse will occur showing up as differences in the time signature. Measuring pulsar timings is an accurate way of detecting gravitational waves but it looks like Gaia wants in on the act. Gaia is capable of making highly accurate astrometric measurements of an object’s position. The team suggest that using Gaia‚ then the position of stars or other more nearby objects may reveal the passage of a gravitational wave. The paper goes on to state that Gaia might even be able to detect gravitational waves based on the effect they have on asteroids in our Solar System. It depends‚ on the wavelength of the gravitational waves which can range from the diameter of the Earth up to the distance between the Sun and Pluto‚ maybe even longer.  The researchers concentrated their study on waves of the order 1 million astronomical units and concluded that the could indeed be revealed by the disturbance in the movement of asteroids.   Source : Observing gravitational waves with solar system astrometry The post For its Next Trick‚ Gaia Could Help Detect Background Gravitational Waves in the Universe appeared first on Universe Today.