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On September 13‚ 1848‚ railroad foreman Phineas Gage suffered one of the most horrific workplace accidents in history when an iron bar punched a hole in his skull‚ obliterating a significant part of his brain. Despite the wound‚ Gage lived for another 12-and-a-half years‚ remaining active and (relatively) normal throughout.For the first time‚ scientists have reconstructed Gage’s face as it appeared at the time of the freak injury. The facial approximation was produced by 3D designer and forensic expert Cícero Moraes‚ who created a digital model based on computed tomography scans of Gage’s skull‚ which had been donated to Harvard Medical School’s Warren Anatomical Museum after his death.The injury suffered by Phineas Gage‚ and his appearance following his recovery.Image credit: Cícero MoraesThe incident occurred as Gage prepared to blow up some rocks during the construction of a railway line in Vermont. At some point‚ the foreman lost his focus and dropped the heavy iron rod that he was using to tamp down the gunpowder.The rod then struck a rock‚ causing a spark which set off the gunpowder. This caused the rod to be fired like a harpoon‚ entering Gage’s skull via the left cheek before exciting at the top of the cranium.Measuring 1.09 meters (3.6 feet) in length and 3.18 centimeters (1.25 inches) in diameter‚ and weighing around 6 kilograms (13.2 pounds)‚ the solid metal projectile eventually landed more than 10 meters (33 feet) behind Gage‚ leaving a trail of blood and brain tissue in its wake.The stricken worker was then transported back to his hotel on an ox cart‚ before apparently climbing the stairs to his room unassisted. The doctor who came to examine him later removed around 28 grams (1 ounce) of mangled brain before bandaging Gage’s skull.Incredibly‚ Gage was back on his feet within a month and later moved to Chile to work as a stable hand. Despite his remarkable physical recovery‚ however‚ friends and colleagues noted that Gage was not the same person after his injury.      For instance‚ he was described as childlike in his intellectual capacity and is reported to have become somewhat unpleasant‚ showing little respect to other people and developing a potty mouth. He eventually died on May 21‚ 1861‚ precisely 12 years‚ six months and eight days after losing part of his brain to an iron rod.During the reconstruction of Gage’s face‚ Moraes confirmed that the majority of the damage appeared to be concentrated around the left frontal lobe of the brain. Noting how this injury altered Gage’s personality‚ brain surgeons later took to deliberately removing parts of the frontal lobe in patients with mental illness or undesirable character traits - a process known as a lobotomy.Unfortunately‚ however‚ many lobotomy patients ended up in far worse condition than Phineas Gage.A description of the facial reconstruction process can be found here.

Scientists have fused human brain tissue to a computer chip‚ creating a mini cyborg in a petri dish that can perform math equations and recognize speech.Dubbed Brainoware‚ the system consists of brain cells artificially grown from human stem cells‚ which have been fostered to develop into a brain-like tissue. This mini-brain organoid is then hooked up to traditional hardware where it acts as a physical reservoir that can capture and remember the information it receives from the computer inputs. The researchers wanted to explore the idea of exploiting the efficiency of the human brain’s architecture to supercharge computational hardware. The rise of artificial intelligence (AI) has massively increased the demand for computing power‚ but it’s somewhat limited by the energy efficiency and performance of the standard silicon chips."We wanted to ask the question of whether we can leverage the biological neural network within the brain organoid for computing. This is just proof-of-concept to show we can do the job‚" Feng Guo‚ study author and a bioengineer in the Department of Intelligent Systems Engineering at Indiana University‚ told Tech Xplore.To flex the muscles of the hybrid bio-computer‚ the researchers presented it with 240 audio clips of people saying different Japanese vowel sounds. Remarkably‚ the system is capable of learning the different sounds and recognizing them with approximately 78 percent accuracy.It was also tasked to predict a Hénon map‚ a nonlinear dynamic system in mathematics‚ which it did with reasonable accuracy.Bear in mind that this is nowhere near the hyper-intelligent capabilities of conventional AI systems – the threat of sentient Frankenstein biocomputers is currently not on the horizon. Nevertheless‚ for a first-of-its-kind study‚ the results are pretty promising. "This is a first demonstration of using brain organoids [for computing]‚" added Guo. "It's exciting to see the possibilities of organoids for biocomputing in the future.”It holds great potential‚ but it also raises some tricky ethical questions. In an accompanying News &; Views article‚ a trio of researchers not directly affiliated with the study warned that this pioneering study highlights the need to iron out the ethical conundrums of this technology before it really takes off.“In the next few years‚ increasingly complex neural systems that can interact with increasingly complex artificial environments are likely to emerge. As the sophistication of these organoid systems increases‚ it is critical for the community to examine the myriad of neuroethical issues that surround biocomputing systems incorporating human neural tissue‚” they write.“It may be decades before general biocomputing systems can be created‚ but this research is likely to generate foundational insights into the mechanisms of learning‚ neural development‚ and the cognitive implications of neurodegenerative diseases‚" the scientists add.The new study is published in the journal Nature Electronics.

Saturn’s moon Enceladus has a deep ocean‚ with hydrothermal activity‚ and complex chemistry. These are excellent conditions for life to emerge‚ and researchers have added a bit more hope to the mix. A new analysis suggests that there might be more chemical energy within this distant moon than previously thought.Enceladus releases plumes which were studied by the Cassini spacecraft. Despite Cassini having met a scheduled fiery death in Saturn a few years ago‚ the data is still being analyzed today. And it continues to reveal surprises in terms of possible molecules and how these might have formed in the deep ocean that exists on Enceladus.In this new work‚ researchers announced the detection of several previously undiscovered molecules. Among them‚ there’s hydrogen cyanide. This is not just exciting for murder mystery fans everywhere – the molecule is considered a crucial step in the formation of amino acids‚ the building blocks of proteins.“The discovery of hydrogen cyanide was particularly exciting‚ because it’s the starting point for most theories on the origin of life‚” lead author Jonah Peter‚ a doctoral researcher at Harvard formerly from NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL)‚ said in a statement. “The more we tried to poke holes in our results by testing alternative models‚ the stronger the evidence became. Eventually‚ it became clear that there is no way to match the plume composition without including hydrogen cyanide.”Previous analysis suggested that the chemical energy available in the ocean was related to the production of methane or methanogenesis. The selection of molecules seen in the plumes is consistent with being oxidized. If this is indeed the case‚ and oxidation is taking place‚ there’s a lot of chemical energy being released.“If methanogenesis is like a small watch battery‚ in terms of energy‚ then our results suggest the ocean of Enceladus might offer something more akin to a car battery‚ capable of providing a large amount of energy to any life that might be present‚” added JPL’s Kevin Hand‚ co-author of the study and principal investigator of the team that got the new results.There is limited data from Cassini on the plumes of Enceladus. Researchers use statistical analysis to try and work out what’s in the plumes without overfitting the data. The new results‚ while promising‚ don’t translate to a certainty for life on Enceladus‚ but might allow us to test in the lab the exact conditions for those molecules to end up in a plume. And they give us insight into whether those conditions are suitable for life.“Our work provides further evidence that Enceladus is host to some of the most important molecules for both creating the building blocks of life and for sustaining that life through metabolic reactions‚” Peter stated. “Not only does Enceladus seem to meet the basic requirements for habitability‚ we now have an idea about how complex biomolecules could form there‚ and what sort of chemical pathways might be involved.”A paper describing the results is published in Nature Astronomy.