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Biden Wants to Sell Out America to the WHO
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Biden Wants to Sell Out America to the WHO

Biden Wants to Sell Out America to the WHO
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Ukraine's Soldiers Admit Even Rear Lines are Failing
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Ukraine's Soldiers Admit Even Rear Lines are Failing

Ukraine's Soldiers Admit Even Rear Lines are Failing
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Is Winsome Sears on Trump's Short List for a Running Mate?
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Is Winsome Sears on Trump's Short List for a Running Mate?

Is Winsome Sears on Trump's Short List for a Running Mate?
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Nevada GOP Sues to Block Bogus Ballots
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Nevada GOP Sues to Block Bogus Ballots

Nevada GOP Sues to Block Bogus Ballots
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Mark Hamill Visited "Joe-bi-Wan Kenobi" and Did a Cameo Appearance with KJP
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Mark Hamill Visited "Joe-bi-Wan Kenobi" and Did a Cameo Appearance with KJP

Mark Hamill Visited "Joe-bi-Wan Kenobi" and Did a Cameo Appearance with KJP
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White House Slashes Environmental Restrictions for Biden's Pet Projects
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White House Slashes Environmental Restrictions for Biden's Pet Projects

White House Slashes Environmental Restrictions for Biden's Pet Projects
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Google Censors Trump Ad for Unspecified Reasons
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Google Censors Trump Ad for Unspecified Reasons

Google Censors Trump Ad for Unspecified Reasons
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Mostly Peaceful Protest at Berkeley
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Mostly Peaceful Protest at Berkeley

Mostly Peaceful Protest at Berkeley
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1 y

Emulsifiers In Our Food – What Are They, And Are They Safe?
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Emulsifiers In Our Food – What Are They, And Are They Safe?

Sometimes, things just don’t mix on their own, and that’s where emulsifiers lend a helping hand – particularly when it comes to food. However, recent chatter about ultra-processed foods and the additives involved has caused some to question whether emulsifiers might actually be harmful to our health. So what does science say?What are emulsifiers?Emulsifiers are substances that help to bring together other substances that wouldn’t normally mix, stopping them from separating. The classic example of such a pair is oil and water – a pain in the butt if you’re trying to use both in a recipe.The structure of emulsifiers is what makes them so useful: they have a water-loving (or hydrophilic) end that sticks into the water, whilst the other end is water-hating (or hydrophobic), and instead sticks into the oil. This creates tiny droplets of one substance suspended within the other in what’s known as an emulsion.Emulsifiers bring together substances that wouldn't normally mix, thanks to their amphiphilic nature.Image credit: The European Food Information Council (EUFIC)Those used in food can be found naturally, and you may well have used them within your own kitchen. In making mayonnaise, for example, egg yolks are used because they contain emulsifying agents. The same goes for whacking a bit of mustard in a tasty homemade vinaigrette – oil and vinegar aren’t friends otherwise.Why does the food industry use emulsifiers?But emulsifiers aren’t just handy for whipping up homemade goods. They’re used throughout the food industry and can be sourced from the same natural products we might use at home, or similar synthetic versions. Common ones include mono and diglycerides of fatty acids, lecithin (that’s the one found in eggs), carrageenan, and esters.They serve multiple purposes, ranging from improving taste and shelf-life to altering consistency, structure, and texture. In ice cream production, for example, emulsifiers are used to get that nice smooth feel with no ice crystals, whilst in bread, they can help to make a loaf extra plump and soft.Are emulsifiers safe?Though there are many organizations and legislative bodies responsible for providing advice on and regulating the safety of emulsifiers added to food – such as the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in the US and the Food Standards Agency (FSA) in the UK – that hasn’t stopped concerns over whether or not they can cause harm to our health, often following the publication of new research on the topic.A number of studies, for example, have explored the suggestion that some emulsifiers could contribute to inflammation in the gut. A 2017 review of such studies concluded that the emulsifying agents carrageenan and carboxymethylcellulose might promote intestinal inflammation and diseases associated with chronic inflammation, such as colitis – though it also stated they were unlikely to be the main cause. A more recent study that also explored the impact of emulsifiers polysorbate-80, soy lecithin, and gum arabic on mice found that all were associated with markers of gut inflammation.Some scientists have taken issue with drawing any hard and fast conclusions about emulsifiers and health from this initial body of research though, primarily because the vast majority of it was conducted in animals – after all, mice aren’t humans (sorry, Stuart Little), so the effects seen in these studies might not necessarily translate to us.Study methods also don’t always match up with how we’d go about consuming emulsifiers on a regular day-to-day basis. “[E]xperimental doses of emulsifiers given to animals in these studies are often much higher than average human consumption,” Dr Alicia Sandall, a registered dietitian and post-doctoral researcher at King’s College London, told the BBC.That being said, some studies have involved humans – but have they made any difference to scientists’ conclusions about the safety of emulsifiers?The human studiesA large cohort study – a type of study that follows a group of people over a period of time – known as the NutriNet-Santé study has spawned two research papers that have piqued interest in this area. In both cases, they show that there’s still a long way to go to produce a reliable body of evidence.The first paper, published in September 2023, followed over 95,000 French adults and their intake of emulsifiers to find out if it increased their risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). The study concluded that intake of four specific emulsifiers belonging to two groups, including mono and diglycerides of fatty acids, was positively associated with a risk of CVD.A number of scientists, however, have argued that the results should be interpreted with caution.“It is not possible to attribute the findings to emulsifiers,” said Professor Gunter Kuhnle, Professor of Nutrition and Food Science at the University of Reading, who was not directly involved in the work. “The study relies on self-reported dietary data and estimates emulsifier intake from this information.”  “Considering that emulsifiers are found in a wide range of foods, it is impossible to attribute observed effects to these compounds and not specific dietary patterns. Many foods with unfavorable nutrient profile contain emulsifiers and this might also explain some of the results.” It’s a similar situation for the second, more recent paper, which used data from over 100,000 of the study participants to conclude that seven individual emulsifiers, including carrageenan and gum arabic, could increase the risk of developing type 2 diabetes.Participants’ food intake was self-reported – which often makes this kind of data unreliable – and the amount of emulsifier consumed was an estimate. The researchers themselves acknowledge that the study is limited: “A single observational epidemiological study is not sufficient per se to establish causality,” they write.It’s a theme found throughout the limitations sections and criticisms of such human studies on emulsifiers and health – there still simply isn’t enough evidence to make reliable conclusions one way or the other.“I can understand that lots of people are concerned about what to eat,” professor of dietetics Kevin Whelan, who was involved in the 2020 mouse study, told the Guardian. “But my view is it’s too early to be saying we should not be adding emulsifiers to our foods. I also think it’s too early to be saying that everybody should stop eating any emulsifiers in foods.”All “explainer” articles are confirmed by fact checkers to be correct at time of publishing. Text, images, and links may be edited, removed, or added to at a later date to keep information current.The content of this article is not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Always seek the advice of qualified health providers with questions you may have regarding medical conditions.
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Science Explorer
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1 y

Orangutan Seen Treating A Wound With A Medicinal Plant In World-First, T. Rex May Have Been A “Smart Giant Crocodile”, And Much More This Week
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Orangutan Seen Treating A Wound With A Medicinal Plant In World-First, T. Rex May Have Been A “Smart Giant Crocodile”, And Much More This Week

This week, the best preserved Neanderthal skeleton in over 25 years was discovered in a “funeral cave”, alpaca sex is so strange it’s never been seen in any other mammal, and we now know why a giant hole appeared in Antarctic sea ice eight years ago. Finally, we explore what Earth would be like if it had rings.Subscribe to the IFLScience newsletter for all the biggest science news delivered straight to your inbox every Wednesday and Saturday. Orangutan Seen Treating A Wound With A Medicinal Plant In World-First ObservationA wild Sumatran orangutan has been seen chewing the leaves of the Akar Kuning plant and applying the juice to a wound on his cheek, the first time this has been reported. The process went on for seven minutes, until the wound was entirely covered, making clear it was deliberate, and the orangutan continued to chew on the plant’s leaves for another half an hour. The wound healed fully without infection. Read the full story hereT. Rex Was A “Smart Giant Crocodile”, Not A Massive Brainy BaboonThat Tyrannosaurus rex might have been as intelligent as a baboon was posited by a 2023 study that used bony braincases to infer dinosaur smarts. It was an incredible and intimidating concept for a predator, but one that’s now been rebutted by a paper that claims in truth, T. rex was more comparable to a “smart giant crocodile”. Read the full story hereBest-Preserved Neanderthal Skeleton In Over 25 Years Found In “Flower Funeral” CaveThe most complete and well-preserved Neanderthal skeleton discovered since the turn of the millennium has been used to reconstruct the face of its owner – a female member of the extinct human lineage who lived around 75,000 years ago. Found within the iconic yet controversial Shanidar Cave – where Neanderthals repeatedly buried their dead, possibly on beds of flowers – the skeleton features in a new Netflix documentary entitled Secrets of the Neanderthals. Read the full story hereAlpaca Sex Is So Weird, It's Never Been Seen In Another MammalAlpacas have weird sex lives: they are the only mammal we know of in which the penis enters the uterus to directly deposit sperm. It’s a reproductive strategy that’s never been confirmed in any other mammal before, and new research suggests it may help the kinky camelids’ chances of pregnancy. Read the full story hereEight Years Ago A Huge Opening Appeared In Antarctic Sea Ice – Now We Know WhyIn 2016, the sea ice in Antarctica’s Weddell Sea developed an enormous hole twice the size of Wales – the country, not a pod of giant mammals. The following year it returned, but the reasons remained unknown. Now scientists think they can explain what caused them, and recruited some pretty cute research assistants to help find out. Read the full story hereTWIS is published weekly on our Linkedin page, join us there for even more content.Feature of the week: What Would The Earth Be Like With Rings?A ringed planet is a thing of beauty. Saturn is iconic – and let’s be honest, it’s 90 percent due to the rings because the planet itself does not have many other distinctive features. Earth’s beauty is very different, but it's fun to wonder if it could be enhanced by the presence of rings. The question of aesthetics is in the eye of the beholder, but we can answer the scientific ones: How would Earth get rings, and what would happen to the planet? Read the full story here More content:CURIOUS Live, our free virtual event, is back for May 2024. Register now and join us as we explore nuclear war, the connection between mental and physical health, insect detectives, and the search for life elsewhere in the universe. Grab your free ticket now!Have you seen our e-magazine, CURIOUS? Issue 22 May 2024 is out now. Check it out for exclusive interviews, book excerpts, long reads, and more.PLUS, the entire season 3 of IFLScience's The Big Questions Podcast is available now.
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