Based on Charles Moulton’s 1940’s comic superhero‚ Wonder Woman first hit the live-action airwaves in a 1974 made-for-TV movie‚ starring Cathy Lee Crosby as the great one and Ricardo Montalban as her enemy. Another TV CONTINUE READING... The post Do You Remember? Wonder Woman appeared first on The Retro Network.

For more garden how-tos‚ check out our Home Agriculture Comprehensive course Gardening season is nearly upon us! While those of us in the colder zones are merely sorting seeds and preparing spaces indoors‚ gardeners in the warmer regions are already starting their seedlings. New gardeners may be feeling overwhelmed by all of the seed-starting mixes out there‚ while veteran gardeners may have tried just about everything on the shelf to no avail. So what do we do? In this article‚ I’ll discuss the various methods used to start your own seedlings‚ as well as how to make your own mix.  Why make your own seed starting mix and start your own seedlings? First of all‚ why go to the bother when we can just run to the garden center and buy everything we need? Well‚ if money isn’t an issue or if you’re a very new gardener‚ buying stuff isn’t a bad option. I’ve always taught my new gardeners to keep it simple during the first couple of years as they learn the rhythm of the garden. Learning how to think like a gardener is no small thing if you’ve never done it before‚ so buying commercial mixes and seedlings can lessen complicating factors. That’s the expensive route‚ however. Last year I ended up paying $85 for seedlings because my starts were too runted and diseased to use. It was an excellent investment‚ however‚ paying off in food more than 10x my investment. So buying is a viable way to go. Starting your own seedlings‚ however‚ is much cheaper‚ plus you get to choose your exact desired varieties. Garden centers will have varieties that grow well in your area‚ but if you want to try anything a bit more exotic‚ they can’t help you. Also‚ if you’re making an emergency run‚ as I did‚ you get to pick from what they have left. Starting your own means‚ you get to pick what you want.  Popular commercial seed-starting mixes Most commercial seed starting mixes are a mixture of sphagnum moss‚ perlite‚ fertilizer‚ and a wetting agent. Organic mixes are often fortified with things like worm castings as well as kelp‚ alfalfa‚ and feather meals. Some even add mycorrhiza! Bonus‚ right? While I’ve had good results with Miracle-Gro Seed Starting Mix‚ the Espoma organic mix that I purchased last year was the cause of my emergency run to the garden center. My plants were runted and diseased and wholly unusable. While runts will often grow once in good soil‚ diseased runts aren’t worth my time or yours. Others have had good experiences with Espoma‚ so it’s possible that my problem was a bad batch. That happens with commercial mixes.  Another popular method for seed starting is the Jiffy pellet. These are readily available both locally and online‚ and relatively cheap. They’re an open wall‚ net container‚ and medium all in one that’s shipped as a highly compressed disc. What one does is soak the disc overnight. The disc will expand‚ and the seed is planted in the medium. Jiffy also makes pots that are allegedly biodegradable. I have not found the pots to degrade well‚ and I’ve accumulated enough plastic pots to reuse each year to not need those. I’ve had more success with Jiffy pellets by planting them in seed starting mix once the seedling has its first cotyledon leaves. How to make your own seed starting mix So how about making your own seed starting mix? The qualities of a good mix are: Lightness‚ so the roots can grow easily through it. This is why garden soil and compost don’t make good seed starters by themselves. They’re too heavy‚ but they do make a great base for your own mix. Water retention‚ so the tiny roots don’t dry out quite so easily. Coco coir is a common ingredient for this purpose. Leaf mold is also a good option.  Drainage‚ so the roots don’t stay too wet and rot. Sand‚ perlite‚ or vermiculite are common ingredients for this purpose. Be aware that sand will make your mix a bit heavier.  Nutrition‚ that your tiny seedlings have something to grow on. Compost helps‚ as does the leaf mold. Keep in mind that there are 10 basic plant nutrients. Commercial mixes tend to limit themselves to NPK. Worm castings‚ finished animal manure‚ and even plant food will work.  Common recipes for your own seed starting mix are 1 part drainage material‚ 2 parts water retention material‚ 2 parts fine-grained compost‚ and 1/2 part nutrition material. Some basic measuring tools include yogurt cups and ice cream buckets‚ depending upon how much you plan to make. A sieve to break up chunks is a good idea‚ and don’t forget the container to keep it all in! Store your mix in a container with a good lid. More in-depth recipes can be found here  and here. How to start your seeds Here are some tips for starting your own seeds. Be sure not to plant your seeds too deeply‚ or they won’t sprout. Keep in mind that there’s only so much food in the seed (termed endosperm for the science geeks out there)‚ and the plant must reach the light in order to make more food for growth. So‚ whatever method you use‚ don’t plant too deeply. Your seed packet will give planting depth.  Heat mats are good. They’re very cheap and will help the seeds germinate quickly‚ and are almost a must in colder climates. I’ll start my frost-sensitive stuff like tomatoes and peppers anywhere from mid-March to April 1‚ when it’s still in the 20s F outside. Even inside‚ plants don’t like that cold. Heat mats also help seeds germinate.  Something I prefer in order to be sure I’m planting good seed is to germinate in a wet paper towel‚ then plant. I wet a paper towel‚ put some seed between the layers along with an identifying marker (I use popsicle sticks)‚ wrap in plastic and put on a heat mat. I also have many flat plastic food containers that I’ve saved for this purpose‚ although a ziplock bag will also work. Cleanliness is good.  Using city compost is free‚ but there’s no way to know what’s in it. I send my diseased plants to the city compost pile‚ which may or may not be hot enough to kill undesirables. I’ve seen it do really well and really poorly‚ as my Master Gardener project used it. Be aware.  Speaking of sterilization‚ it isn’t a bad idea to pasteurize your own mix. I haven’t found the oven method to work well‚ but putting my mushroom mix in an old pillow case and sterilizing on the stove for 1 hour did. Unsterilized mix also thwarted my hydroponics operation‚ as you can read here. Remember: these mixes aren’t meant to grow plants over the long term. They’re meant to help develop good root systems so the plants will grow quickly once in contact with good soil. So don’t try to grow anything in a seed starting mix over the long term. Seedlings are usually transplanted at about 8 weeks‚ including hardening time.  Speaking of hardening‚ it’s absolutely vital that your seedlings are hardened out before transplanting! Otherwise‚ they’ll die. Plants grown indoors must be acclimated to direct sun‚ wind‚ and rain exposure. This is done by putting them out for increasing amounts of time over the course of 1-2 weeks. I start with 1 hour in direct sun‚ perhaps for 2 days‚ then double the exposure time every couple of days until they’re happy out overnight. A collapsible greenhouse can help‚ especially if nighttime temperatures are still in the 40s. These can be purchased cheaply or made from a bit of plastic and some PVC. Cold frames can also help.  When making your own mix you’ll be working with very finely-grained particles that fly in the slightest breeze and are easily inhaled. Wearing a mask and working in a well-ventilated area are both good ideas. Gloves aren’t a bad thing either‚ especially if you’re working with peat moss and coco coir. These are slightly acidic and your hands will notice. Trust me: there isn’t enough hand lotion on the planet! Wear gloves.  Lastly‚ if you get seeds anywhere other than commercially‚ then giving them the hot water treatment isn’t a bad idea. Read about that here. Be sure to check out our course‚ Home Agriculture Comprehensive And that’s it! So that’s it in a nutshell! Starting your own seedlings is very cost-effective‚ and you get to try new stuff that may not be available locally. Making your own seed starting mix has its benefits as well and isn’t difficult at all to do. Do you start your own seeds? What about making your own potting mix? Have you ever had terrible luck with a commercial mix? Share your tips and experiences in the comments section! About Amy Allen Amy Allen is a professional bookworm and student of Life‚ the Universe‚ and Everything. She’s also a Master Gardener with a BS in biology‚ and has been growing food on her small urban lot since 2010. The post How to Make Your Own Seed Starting Mix and Start Seedlings appeared first on The Organic Prepper.

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The composition of a tiny grain within an Antarctic meteorite alerted astronomers it predated the Sun. On further investigation‚ they have concluded the mix of isotopes present requires the grain to have been formed from the output of an unusual type of supernova‚ which seeded the galaxy with some very distinctive isotopes.Although most meteorites have been processed by being incorporated into asteroids before being knocked off in collisions‚ a precious few provide a direct record of the material that formed the Solar System. Known as primitive meteorites‚ these are particularly precious to astronomers‚ but some offer something even better – tiny fragments whose exotic origins are revealed in their unusual compositions.As soon as Dr Nicole Nevill‚ now at Johnson Space Center‚ examined a grain within meteorite ALH 77307 she realized this was something special. “Material created in our solar system have predictable ratios of isotopes – variants of elements with different numbers of neutrons. The particle that we analysed has a ratio of magnesium isotopes that is distinct from anything in our solar system‚” Nevill said in a statement. “The results were literally off the charts. The most extreme magnesium isotopic ratio from previous studies of presolar grains was about 1‚200. The grain in our study has a value of 3‚025‚ which is the highest ever discovered.”Most presolar grains are thought to come from red giants‚ but some have compositions more consistent with being the products of supernovae. To get 2.5 times the amount of magnesium-25‚ compared to the normally more common Mg-24 suggests this was no ordinary supernova.Although they acknowledge an alternative explanation of the grain coming from a nova‚ Nevill and co-authors think it is far more likely the source was a hydrogen-burning supernova‚ a rare kind of Type II supernova.“Hydrogen burning supernova is a type of star that has only been discovered recently‚ around the same time as we were analysing the tiny dust particle. The use of the atom probe in this study‚ gives a new level of detail helping us understand how these stars formed‚” said Curtin University’s Dr David Saxey.Curtin’s Professor Phil Bland told IFLScience: “There is an amazing program to find these meteorites and take a sample from each to see if they are a rare or common type. Then other researchers see if they would like to request access to them.”ALH 77307 stands out as one of the half dozen or so most primitive meteorites ever found‚ having undergone little processing either before forming into an asteroid‚ or while part of one.Although its primitive state marked 77307 for further investigation‚ spotting presolar grains was once a needle in a haystack hunt. However‚ Bland was part of a team that developed a way geologists can test a relatively large portion of a meteorite in search of an anomaly that tells them when to look more closely. Applying this to 77307 indicated there was something to find.The grain itself is 400 by 580 nanometers‚ unusual when most are tens of nanometers up to 500 nanometers across‚ but Bland told IFLScience the size itself is not surprising‚ although it did make the grain easier to study.The presence of the grain indicates a hydrogen-burning supernova must have gone off in the vicinity of the cloud that became the Sun and its planets. Presumably‚ it wasn’t very close‚ however‚ or we’d have found more grains like this before. Every presolar grain we find‚ Bland told IFLScience‚ “Helps us put together a picture of what the dust we formed out of could have been like 4.6 billion years ago.”We are not merely stardust‚ but the dust of very specific types of stars.The discovery is open access in The Astrophysical Journal.

By far the biggest drama queens of the fruit and vegetable world are the alliums: the onions‚ garlic‚ leeks‚ shallots‚ and various bulbous cousins. Oh‚ they may look calm and innocent when they’re sitting pretty in the grocery store or your cupboard – but as soon as you cut into them‚ out come the waterworks.Of course‚ it’s not the veggies themselves that are crying – it’s us. Somehow‚ onions and their relatives are able to exact revenge upon us‚ their overlords‚ by cursing us with stinging eyes‚ running noses‚ and nigh-unstoppable tears. But how do they do it?The answer is more interesting than you might think.The science of sobbingSo‚ what’s behind the tears when we chop an onion? As you may know‚ there are three types of tears that our bodies make: basal‚ emotional‚ and reflex – and we can rule one of those out pretty quickly‚ since unless you’re empathic to a frankly absurd degree‚ you probably aren’t crying out of grief at having to mutilate some poor defenseless vegetable.Neither are onions responsible for basal tears‚ which you are in fact shedding right now. “These are your basic tears. Your eyes roll around in them all day‚” explains Cleveland Clinic. “They contain oil‚ mucus‚ water and salt‚ and help fight infection.”And thus‚ by process of elimination‚ we have our answer: onion-chopping prompts us to start sobbing reflex tears: “your eyewash tears‚” per Cleveland Clinic. “The glands under your eyebrows push them out when you peel an onion‚ vomit or get dust in your eye. They flush out the material that’s irritating your eyes‚” they write. “These are the kind of tears that stream down your face when your allergies are kicking into high gear.”But what is it that makes the vegetables so irritating? It’s actually a pretty neat (if evidently unsuccessful) defense strategy on the onions’ part – and the science behind it is so intricate that it took us until the 21st century to figure out how it worked.So why onions?Onions may not be able to feel pain‚ but that doesn’t mean they’re happy to get eaten: they’re actually the bulb of a perennial plant‚ so their goal is to survive underground for as long as possible.It is‚ chemist and author of Garlic and Other Alliums: The Lore and the Science Eric Block told NPR in 2010‚ “a very hardscrabble world” for these veggies; “a world where there are lots of worms in the ground and animals that would devour something that exists as a bulb and has to survive in the ground.”“If you're living in the ground as a perennial […] you need to defend yourself‚ and you can't run‚” he explained. “Plants can't run. So they stay and fight‚ and they're wonderful at it.”Indeed‚ it turns out that the backup plan for “running away from a worm” is all-out chemical warfare. Cutting an onion – or crushing it‚ or just chomping into it whole like an apple if that’s your jam – triggers a cascade of reactions‚ all starting with the release of a particular amino acid called S-1-propenyl-L-cysteine sulfoxide (as a side note: chemists‚ please come up with some snappier names for the things you discover).This amino acid starts reacting with water and enzymes that have been released from the broken cells of the onion‚ and that produces – well‚ a bunch of new chemicals which we’re not interested in right now‚ to be honest‚ but also something called 1-propenyl sulfenic acid. That‚ in turn‚ decomposes into a gas called propanethial S-oxide – and it’s this which is the culprit for our crying.Why? Because propanethial S-oxide – chemical formula C3H6SO – reacts with water to form H2SO4‚ aka sulfuric acid. And guess where there’s a lot of water? That’s right: in those basal tears that constantly cover our eyeballs.Luckily (or unluckily‚ depending on how you look at it) our corneas are incredibly good at detecting things like this – they actually have about 400 times as many pain receptors per square millimeter as the skin – so this acidic interloper immediately triggers our reflex tears to start flowing.“[It’s] part of what is so much fun about studying the alliums‚ that the chemistry is absolutely fascinating‚” Block said. “Everything is‚ I believe‚ very Darwinian […] They're not there for our pleasure. They're there to allow the plant to survive.”How to chop onions without the tears Well‚ that’s all very interesting‚ you might be saying‚ but it doesn’t help me prepare this lasagna. Is there any way to get around all this chemistry‚ and chop onions without tearing up?In fact‚ there are – and again‚ it all comes down to the science. “You have to consider the chemistry of what is involved before you can come up with a remedy‚” Block said. “So‚ the molecule that causes tearing is a very small molecule. It's very soluble in water‚ and being a small molecule‚ it's relatively easy for it to go into the gas stage.”“So what you do is either to cool it down before cutting it‚ which reduces its volatility‚ use a kitchen hood to pull the fumes out‚ or you chop it under water‚” he advised. “Or [do] anything else that would take a water-soluble small molecule out of the air.”Some more inventive solutions that you may have heard – chopping them with a match between your teeth‚ for example‚ or using a piece of bread – those are pretty much useless‚ he added. But if you’re really really suffering‚ then there may be hope on the horizon. You see‚ for a long time‚ scientists thought the culprit for our crying was an enzyme called alliinase‚ which is one of the many chemicals responsible for the onion’s characteristic flavor. That hypothesis was proven wrong‚ however‚ in 2002‚ when a team of researchers from Japan discovered a previously unknown substance in the vegetable which they named lachrymatory factor synthase‚ or LFS.Why does that matter? Well‚ as the team suggested in their paper‚ “it may be possible to develop a non-lachrymatory onion that still retains its characteristic flavor and high nutritional value by downregulating the activity of this synthase enzyme.”In other words‚ we may one day be able to grow onions that don’t make us weep every time we cut into them. Until then‚ however – well‚ we guess we’ll be stopping by the gas mask shop on our way to the produce aisle today.

Invisibility cloaks were once the stuff of ancient myth and sci-fi‚ but a British start-up has been busy spending the past four years making them a reality. Invisibility Shield Co. released their first-generation product in 2022 with much online fanfare and hype. Now‚ the company is looking to launch their latest second-generation shields that are both bigger and stealthier.The shields don’t require any external energy supply or magic; they simply give the impression of invisibility using optical trickery.The panel appears transparent‚ but it's actually showing a blurred view of what’s behind it. It uses a precision-engineered lens array to direct light reflected from the subject standing behind it‚ away from the observer standing in front. “The shields use lenses to redirect light reflected from the background and the person standing behind. Because the person behind the shield is narrower than the general background‚ the vertical orientation of the lenses means the light reflected from them becomes more diffuse when spread out (by the lenses)‚ than the light reflected from the wider background‚” Tristan Thompson‚ designer of their shield‚ told IFLScience. The company has made their largest invisibility shield yet: the "Megashield”‚ which stands over 182 centimeters (6 feet) tall.Image courtesy of Invisibility Shield Co.The team’s second-generation invisibility shields are available to pre-order on Kickstarter‚ which is looking to further fund the project. Their first-gen models were also crowd-funded by Kickstarter and that resulted in the successful delivery of thousands of invisibility shields around the world.“The second-gen shields work on the same basic principle but we've made quite a few changes. For one we've changed the shape and density of the lenses to improve the resolution and make them work better for a curved shield – the previous version was flat. We've also gone from a layered construction to each shield face being extruded from a single piece‚ making them much clearer than the previous versions where we were bonding layers of material with an adhesive‚” Thompson explained.  This time around they are making three different sizes of invisibility shield: “the Mini”‚ which is  20 centimeters (8 inches) tall‚ the “Full size”‚ which is 91 centimeters (3 feet) tall‚ and “the Megashield”‚ which stands over 182 centimeters (6 feet) tall. Despite their size‚ the new shields have also been designed to pack down as small as 1/30th of their assembled size‚ allowing people to easily take them anywhere.Early-bird Prices are £54 (approximately $68)‚ £299 ($377)‚ and £699 ($883)‚ respective of their size‚ and items are set to be delivered by the end of 2024. “The possibilities are endless but most important of all‚ these shields are great fun‚ they’re fun to play around with and exciting for us to make. We wanted to see how far we could push this technology. A real working invisibility shield that you can just roll up and sling over your shoulder? Two years ago nobody thought anyone could do that‚” Thompson said in a statement sent to IFLScience.

In a recent twist that could rival any science fiction plot‚ Whoopi Goldberg‚ renowned actress and co-host of ‘The View’‚ has once again stirred the pot of extraterrestrial speculation. Known for her iconic role as the wise Guinan in “Star Trek: The Next Generation‚” Goldberg’s familiarity with otherworldly beings has always been confined to the realm of fiction—or so we thought. During an engaging segment of ‘The View’‚ comedian and actor Kumail Nanjiani playfully speculated on the idea of aliens postponing their visit until humanity gets its act together. Goldberg’s response was unexpectedly earnest. “They’re already here‚” she declared‚ suggesting that extraterrestrial beings have been observing us for quite some time. “They’re already… They’ve been here for quite some time.” A stunned Nanjiani turned to Goldberg for further information‚ as she did not elaborate on how — or why — she knows such information. “And what are they doing?” he asked‚ to which she responded: “They’re watching us.” “They’re watching us?” Nanjiani asked‚ before Sara Haines attempted to soften the impact of Goldberg’s stunning revelation with some levity. “She talks to ghosts‚ not aliens. Duh‚” Haines said‚ referencing Goldberg’s role in the classic movie Ghost. “I got you‚ girl.” This isn’t Goldberg’s first foray into the topic of the unknown. In 2023‚ following a congressional hearing on UFOs‚ she hinted at having prior knowledge of the information presented‚ particularly regarding non-human entities. Her comments have left many wondering: does Whoopi Goldberg possess undisclosed knowledge about alien life? The post Whoopi Goldberg confirms aliens are among us: ‘They’re already here’ appeared first on Anomalien.com.

Have you ever wondered what’s inside a rattlesnake’s tail? These slithery creatures have fascinated humans for centuries with their unique rattle sound‚ warning predators and curious minds to keep their distance. But what really makes up that intriguing noise? Tim Friede‚ a man with an insatiable curiosity and an unusual tolerance to snake venom‚ decided... The post Man slices into rattlesnake tail to unveil its fascinating anatomy appeared first on Animal Channel.