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Astronomers have found three new moons orbiting our Solar System’s ice giants. One is orbiting Uranus‚ and two are orbiting Neptune. It took hard work to find them‚ including dozens of time exposures by some of our most powerful telescopes over several years. All three are captured objects‚ and there are likely more moons around both planets waiting to be discovered. This is the first new moon found around Uranus in 20 years and brings the planet’s total to 28. One of the new moons around Neptune is the smallest ever detected with a ground-based telescope‚ and the pair of new discoveries bring Neptune’s total to 16. Uranus’ new moon has the provisional title S/2023 U1 and was first observed on November 4‚ 2023‚ by Scott Sheppard from Carnegie Science. Like the planet’s other outer satellites‚ it will eventually be given a name from a Shakespeare play. Other moon names include Oberon‚ Titania‚ and Ariel. S/2023 U1 is only 8 km in diameter‚ tiny compared to the ice giant’s largest moon‚ Titania‚ which is almost 800 km. The tiny moon takes 680 days to orbit Uranus. It’s time to add one more moon to Uranus’ tally. Tiny S/2023 U1 is the ice giant’s 28th moon. Image Credit: Canadian Space Agency. Neptune’s pair of new moons are likewise tiny. The brightest one has the provisional name S/2002 N5‚ is about 23 km in diameter‚ and takes nearly nine years to orbit Neptune. The fainter one has the provisional name S/2021 N1‚ is about 14 km in diameter‚ and takes almost 27 years to orbit the planet. They’ll both be given names from Greek mythology. The newly discovered pair of tiny moons means Neptune now has 16 moons. All of the new moons are likely fragments from collisions that broke much larger moons apart early in the Solar System’s history. Image Credit: Canadian Space Agency. All of the easy-to-observe moons were found long ago. These small moons required much more work. While Scott Sheppard played a leading role‚ he had a lot of help. “The three newly discovered moons are the faintest ever found around these two ice giant planets using ground-based telescopes‚” explained Sheppard. “It took special image processing to reveal such faint objects.” Sheppard used the Magellan telescopes at Carnegie Science’s Las Campanas Observatory in Chile to first spot Uranus’ new moon in November 2023. One month later‚ he performed follow-up observations with Magellan. Sheppard worked with those observations and alongside Marina Brozovic and Bob Jacobson of NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory to determine the moon’s orbit. He also found the moon in older images from 2021 from the Subaru Telescope and the Magellan telescopes. Sheppard also found the brighter of Neptune’s new moons with the Magellan telescope. He collaborated with David Tholen of the University of Hawaii‚ Chad Trujillo of Northern Arizona University‚ and Patryk Sofia Lykawa of Kindai University to find Neptune’s other new moon. It was extremely faint but still detectable with the Subaru Telescope. Both of Neptune’s new moons were first observed in September 2021. In October 2021‚ October 2022 and in November 2023‚ follow-up observations with the Magellan telescopes confirmed the brighter Neptune moon. The VLT is a grouping of eight separate telescopes and is one of our most powerful observatories. It includes four 8-meter telescopes that made a critical contribution to the discovery of the new moons. Image Credit: ESO Confirming the fainter moon with follow-up observations was more challenging. To do that‚ the big guns in the telescope world were brought to bear. The ESO’s Very Large Telescope and the Gemini Observatory’s 8-meter telescope were used under pristine observing conditions to confirm the tiny‚ faint moon. Even then‚ the astronomers used the 2021 observations to know where to point the powerful telescopes and locate the moon. Neptune’s brighter new moon was first spotted a couple of decades ago but was never recognized as a moon. “Once S/2002 N5’s orbit around Neptune was determined using the 2021‚ 2022‚ and 2023 observations‚ it was traced back to an object that was spotted near Neptune in 2003 but lost before it could be confirmed as orbiting the planet‚” Sheppard explained.  It took dozens of five-minute exposures over three- or four-hour periods on several nights to gather enough data to see the moons. In these long exposures‚ the position of the planet and the moons shifts. The exposures were combined to create one deep image. This was a demanding use of time on the pair of large telescopes. But the result was the deepest images yet of the Uranus and Neptune systems. The Gemini Observatory in Maunakea‚ Hawaii‚ features a pair of 8.1-meter telescopes. This image shows the Gemini North Telescope. Image Credit: Gemini Observatory/AURA “Because the moons move in just a few minutes relative to the background stars and galaxies‚ single long exposures are not ideal for capturing deep images of moving objects‚” Sheppard said. “By layering these multiple exposures together‚ stars and galaxies appear with trails behind them‚ and objects in motion similar to the host planet will be seen as point sources‚ bringing the moons out from behind the background noise in the images.” The three new moons are most likely captured objects. Their orbits are eccentric and inclined‚ and they’re quite distant from their planets. But regardless of their moons’ origins‚ all four giant planets in the Solar System have similar lunar arrangements and configurations. “Even Uranus‚ which is tipped on its side‚ has a similar moon population to the other giant planets orbiting our Sun‚” Sheppard explained. “And Neptune‚ which likely captured the distant Kuiper Belt object Triton—an ice-rich body larger than Pluto—an event that could have disrupted its moon system‚ has outer moons that appear similar to its neighbours.” What can these moons tell us about the Solar System’s history? They’re more evidence of the Solar System’s chaotic‚ formative days. The new moons‚ along with others orbiting the giant planets‚ are likely fragments of larger parent moons destroyed by collisions in the Solar System’s early‚ chaotic days. Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech Specifically‚ these moons show us that the groupings of moons around the ice giants are similar to the groupings around the other giants‚ Jupiter and Saturn. The gas giants have dynamic orbital groupings of outer moons‚ and now we know that Uranus and Neptune do‚ too. The grouping of the moons is evidence of much larger parent moons smashed into pieces by collisions with other objects‚ probably comets or asteroids. The collisions left the broken fragments in similar orbits as the parent moons. There are almost certainly other smaller fragment moons from these collisions‚ but our current technology can’t find them. If there are other moons around the ice giants‚ they’re likely smaller than 8 km in diameter around Uranus and smaller than 14 km around Neptune. The post New Moons Found at Uranus and Neptune appeared first on Universe Today.

The Star Wars world Tatooine is one of the most recognizable planets in the realm of science fiction. It’s a harsh place‚ and its conditions shaped the hero Luke Skywalker in many ways. In the reality-based Universe‚ there may not be many worlds like it. That’s because‚ according to a new study out from Yale researchers‚ the Universe likes to be more orderly‚ and that affects planets and their environments. The study‚ led by Yale assistant professor Malena Rice and two colleagues‚ looked at binary star systems with planets. In many of these systems‚ the planets orbit one of the two stars. “We show‚ for the first time‚ that there is an unexpected pile-up of systems where everything is aligned‚” said Rice. “The planets orbit precisely in the same direction that the first star rotates‚ and the second star orbits that system on the same plane as the planets.” Searching for Binary Star System Planets To come to that conclusion‚ Rice’s team looked at data about binary systems in several databases. They also examined triple-star candidates. The Gaia DR3 catalog provided high-precision stellar astrometry. Such accuracy is crucial to determining the separations and distances of binaries and their associated worlds. NASA’s Exoplanet Archive provided planetary system parameters‚ and the TEPCat catalog of transiting planet properties supplied information about the physical properties in systems where the planetary orbits cross in the line of sight between the star and Earth. The team used all the data to create 3D geometries mapping the planets in binary star systems. It turns out that nine of the 40 systems they studied had “perfect alignment.” That is‚ they have joint spin-orbit and orbit-orbit alignment. That means—due to regular‚ periodic gravitational interactions—the planets and stars move in orbits that have aligned with each other. In other words‚ everything in the system orbits in the same plane and same direction. The extrasolar planet TrES-4b orbits a star in Hercules that lies about 1‚660 light-years away. There’s a binary companion in the system‚ as well. This is one system studied in the Rice team’s research for binary system orbital alignments with planets. Artist’s impression‚ credit: Lowell Observatory. That tendency toward some level of synchrony could be one way to look for binary systems that bear life‚ according to Rice. “It could be an indication that planetary systems like to push toward an orderly configuration‚” she said. “This is also good news for life forming in those systems. Stellar companions that are aligned differently can wreak havoc on planetary systems‚ toppling them over or flash-heating planets over time.” Misaligned Planet and Star Orbits In systems that are not aligned‚ (sometimes termed “misaligned”) the conditions on planets don’t seem promising. Most environments in such worlds would not be at all conducive to life‚ or the conditions favorable to life. Worlds in such systems might be completely frozen‚ or completely dry and deserted. Or‚ their orbits could be irregular as they swing too close or too far from their stars. In that case‚ their surfaces could be lava—or ice—or change from one extreme to the other. A misalignment might actually kick planets completely out of the system. In that event‚ the planet gets ejected to interplanetary space and becomes a rogue planet. Such worlds don’t have the advantage of warmth from a nearby star. The implications for life and habitability on those planets are pretty grim. Temperate Worlds in Binary Systems If the study conducted by Rice and her colleagues applies to a lot of binary systems‚ what kinds of worlds would we expect to see? Certainly‚ the fictional Tatooine looks forbidding at the same it beckons for exploration. In reality‚ if the orbital alignments are stable‚ then it’s possible to think of habitable worlds around those stars. Depending on the conditions‚ some of them could be quite nice and welcoming. However‚ expecting a reasonable‚ temperate Earth-like climate at such a distant world is a bit of a stretch. It would be quite different from what we experience here at home. That’s because a planet in such a system gets light from two stars. During part of a year‚ any inhabitants would have continuous daylight from each star lighting up a side of the planet. The temperatures on the surface would vary as a function of stellar distance‚ however. And‚ at least some part of a year‚ one side of the planet would get heated up from both stars‚ making things pretty toasty for any inhabitants. With this study in hand‚ astronomers now have an opportunity to search the databases for more binaries with aligned orbits between stars and planets. In addition‚ there are interesting implications for studies of young binary systems with protoplanetary disks around each star. For example‚ astronomers could use the data to understand what dynamical limits there are on disks in multi-star systems. More insight is needed into the masses and viscosities of those disks as their stars evolve‚ as well as how long those disks survive in the system. For More Information A New Beginning: The Search for More Temperate TatooinesThe Orbital Geometries and Stellar Obliquities of Exoplanet-hosting Multistar Systems The post Planets in Binary Star Systems Could be Nice and Habitable appeared first on Universe Today.

Plate tectonics is not something most people would associate with Mars. In fact‚ the planet’s dead core is one of the primary reasons for its famous lack of a magnetic field. And since active planetary cores are one of the primary driving factors of plate tectonics‚ it seems obvious why that general conception holds. However‚ Mars has some features that we think of as corresponding with plate tectonics – volcanoes. A new paper from researchers at the University of Hong Kong (HKU) looks at how different types of plate tectonics could have formed different types of volcanoes on the surface of Mars. Typically‚ when you think of volcanoes on Mars‚ you think of massive shield volcanoes like Olympus Mons‚ similar to those seen in some locations on Earth‚ such as Hawai’i. These form when repeated eruptions deposit layers of lava for millions of years. Those eruptions aren’t impacted by how any underlying plates move underneath them. But they do create a different underlying landscape than elsewhere on the planet. One of the main differences is that the volcanoes have a high silica concentration. Most of the rest of the Red Planet has relatively low silica concentration and consists primarily of basalt. However‚ they have distinctly more elevated levels of silica‚ and Dr. Joseph Michalski and his colleagues at HKU think they know why. PBS has a geological history of Mars.Credit – PBS Eons YouTube Channel Back in the Archean age‚ 3 billion years ago‚ on Earth‚ geologists have theorized that a type of plate tectonics known as “vertical tectonics” forced the planet’s crust to collapse into the planet’s mantle. There‚ it was reformed‚ injected with a high concentration of silica‚ and then spewed back onto the surface due to erupting volcanoes. That would conveniently explain why the silica levels of volcanoes on Mars are higher than on the rest of the planet. To back up their findings‚ the paper describes signs of numerous other volcano types‚ such as stratovolcanoes and lava domes‚ that also contain high silica concentrations and could result from this type of theorized tectonics. On Earth‚ other active geological processes have worn down the rock that could have been formed by these processes billions of years ago. But there isn’t nearly as much geological activity on Mars‚ so it provides a clearer picture of the resulting geology from these processes.  SciShow Space Discusses the possibility that Mars still has active volcanoes.Credit – SciShow Space YouTube Channel This body of work contributes to our overall understanding of the geology of Mars‚ and the discovery of so many additional volcanoes is sure to interest areologists for years to come. But for now‚ this new theory of Mars’ geological history is another step in our understanding of the Red Planet. Learn More:UHK – Diverse Ancient Volcanoes on Mars Discovered by HKU Planetary Scientist May Hold Clues to Pre-plate Tectonic Activity on EarthMichalski et al. – Diverse volcanism and crustal recycling on early MarsUT – Mars is Surprisingly Volcanically ActiveUT – Scientists Find Clues of Plate Tectonics on Mars Lead Image:Volcanoes on Mars The post Mars Had its Own Version of Plate Tectonics appeared first on Universe Today.

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Visitors disappointed after $40 warehouse 'Willy Wonka Experience' spectacularly fails to live up to AI advertisements.