Time travel back to 1905. Back in 1905‚ a book called "The Apples of New York" was published by the New York State Department of Agriculture. It featured hundreds of apple varieties of all shapes‚ colors‚ and sizes‚ including Thomas Jefferson's personal favorite‚ the Esopus Spitzenburg. That was 110 years ago‚ when commercial apple orchards were still pretty rare and when even in the biggest of those orchards‚ everything was done by hand.Yeah‚ yeah‚ yeah. But why is that apple book such a big deal? The book is significant because most of the apples listed in it have all but disappeared in the past century. DISAPPEARED. In fact‚ we used to have thousands of apple varieties‚ but most of those have largely vanished due to industrial agriculture. Now‚ many varieties are only found tucked away in agricultural research centers and preservationist orchards.Fact: Today‚ the 15 most popular apple varieties account for 90% of all apple sales in the U.S. The most commonly sold apple? Red delicious.2015 looks so different.The fate of all those apple varieties is not uncommon. "In the last century‚ nearly 75% of our agricultural crops have disappeared. They're simply gone. Today‚ farmers primarily grow 12 crops. And of these‚ we mainly eat potatoes‚ rice‚ corn‚ and wheat."So what gives? Why the huge shift? In part‚ the shift has a lot to do with seed regulation. Back in the day‚ farmers would save seeds from year to year and share them with friends and neighbors. But nowadays‚ most seed production is controlled by big companies — and those companies patent their seeds‚ prohibiting things like seed saving or sharing.So what do we do now?Not all hope is lost (yay!). It may be an uphill battle‚ but there are lots of small farmers working to preserve the freedom to freely share and use seeds. People store thousands of seeds from all around the world in buildings called seed banks‚ and trade with other farmers at seed swaps."They're preserving culture and biodiversity‚ one seed‚ one plant‚ and one person at a time." How 'bout them apples? (No‚ really‚ I bet those antique apples they're swappin' are ridiculously tasty.)To check out the full story from The Lexicon of Sustainability‚ watch the video below:This article originally appeared on August 14‚ 2016

I've written tons of things about minimum wage‚ backed up by fact-checkers and economists and scholarly studies. All of them point to raising the minimum wage as a solution to lifting people out of poverty and getting folks off of public assistance. It's slowly happening‚ and there's much more to be done.But when it comes right down to it‚ where the rubber meets the road is what it means for everyday workers who have to live with those wages. I honestly don't know how they do it.Ask yourself: Could I live on this small of a full-time paycheck? I know what my answer is.(And note that the minimum wage in many parts of the county is STILL $7.25‚ so it would be even less than this).This story was written by Brandon Weber and was originally appeared on 02.26.15

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