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Star formation is well understood when it happens in the populous centers of galaxies. From our vantage point on Earth‚ within the Milky Way‚ we see it happening all around us. But when newborn stars are birthed in the empty outskirts of galactic space‚ it requires a new kind of explanation. At the 243rd meeting of the American Astronomical Association yesterday‚ astronomers announced that they have observed‚ for the first time‚ the unique molecular clouds that give rise to star formation near the remote edges of galaxies. “We didn’t expect to find star formation at the outskirts of galaxies‚ but about 18 years ago‚ surprisingly‚ the NASA GALEX satellite (Galaxy Evolution Explorer) found a lot of newborn stars at the outskirts of galaxies‚” says Jin Koda‚ lead researcher on the project and associate professor at Stony Brook University. “Astronomers became interested in the environment for this star formation and looked for molecular clouds – the parental sites of star formation – but couldn’t find any. Until now.” The normal path to star formation involves diffuse atomic gas slowly gravitating together into a cloud that eventually begins to shrink and collapse. As the density increases‚ the single diffuse atoms form bonds‚ becoming molecular gas‚ at which point the gas has transformed into the star-forming engine that astronomers call molecular clouds. “Molecular clouds typically have very dense cores at their centers which we call the ‘hearts’ of molecular clouds‚ which are surrounded by less dense molecular gas. Star formation is actually happening in these hearts of molecular clouds: the dense cores‚” says Koda. When GALEX observations found newborn stars on the edge of Galaxy M83 back in 2005‚ it did not see any accompanying molecular clouds. That was strange. With this new research‚ the reason astronomers couldn’t see the clouds has become clear. The outer envelope of the molecular clouds in this region were invisible: the observations could only see the minuscule “hearts” of the clouds. Research on the far edge of galaxy M83 reveals unusual star formation in an extreme environment. This area‚ outlined in yellow‚ is shown in data from several different instruments. From left to right: optical image from CTIO‚ ultraviolet image from GALEX‚ HI 21cm image from VLA and GBT‚ and CO(3-2) image from ALMA. In this last image‚ the star-forming “hearts” of molecular clouds‚ circled with white‚ are shown. Image Credit: Jin Koda. The team discovered a total of 23 of these solitary molecular cloud hearts‚ each within a tiny region of Galaxy M83. Now that researchers know the formation sites for these outskirt stars exist (albeit looking very distinct from their inner galactic counterparts)‚ they can put one 18-year-old mystery to rest. But the research also raised a new mystery. The same region that hosted the 23 molecular cloud hearts was also home to a surprisingly large concentration of atomic gas‚ compared to the amount of molecular gas observed. “We don’t yet understand why this atomic gas has not converted to molecular gas efficiently in this environment‚” says Amanda Lee‚ who was an undergraduate on the team‚ and is now at the University of Massachusetts Amherst. For that answer‚ more research is necessary. David Thilker‚ the astronomer responsible for the original discovery of newborn stars in M83’s outskirts using GALEX 18 years ago‚ says “It has been gratifying to see the search for dense clouds associated with the outer disk finally come to fruition‚ revealing a characteristically different observational fingerprint for the molecular clouds.” Besides GALEX‚ observations for this research were carried out using a combination of instruments‚ including the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA)‚ the Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array (VLA)‚ the Green Bank Telescope (GBT)‚ and the Subaru Telescope. Learn More: “Mystery of Star Formation Revealed by Hearts of Molecular Clouds.” Green Bank Observatory. Watch the press conference here. The post Young Stars in the Outskirts of Galaxies Finally Have an Explanation appeared first on Universe Today.

Supernova explosions are fascinating because they’re so cataclysmic‚ powerful‚ and awe-inspiring. They’re Nature’s summer blockbusters. Humans have recorded their existence in ancient astronomical records and stone carvings‚ and in our age‚ with telescopes. Now‚ the Dark Energy Survey (DES) has uncovered the largest number of Type 1A supernovae ever found with a single telescope. Finding large numbers of them is about more than just cataloguing these exploding stars. Type 1A supernovae serve as standard candles‚ reliable markers for determining astronomical distances. That means they can help us understand the expansion of the Universe and the force that drives it: Dark Energy. That’s the goal of the international effort of the Dark Energy Survey (DES.) The DES operates the Dark Energy Camera (DECam.) DECam works in conjunction with the 4-meter (13 t.) Blanco Telescope at the Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory (CTIO) in northern Chile. DECam has a 550 megapixel CCD‚ wide-field vision‚ and can see the red-shifted light from distant galaxies. It also works in visible and ultraviolet light. In the late 1990s‚ astronomers with the National Science Foundation NOIRLab discovered that the expansion of the Universe was accelerating. This was a surprise to scientists‚ who thought that the expansion was slowing down. Observations of Type 1a supernovae led to this new understanding‚ and scientists call the force that drives the accelerated expansion ‘Dark Energy.’ “It’s a really massive scale-up from 25 years ago when only 52 supernovae were used to infer dark energy.”Professor Tamara Davis‚ University of Queensland‚ Australia and co-convener of the DES Supernova Working Group.  The history of the expansion Universe can be traced by comparing recessional velocities (redshifts) with distances determined for each supernova. The Dark Energy Survey result shows that the expansion has been accelerating with cosmic time‚ the signature of dark energy. Image Credit: DES Collaboration Now‚ scientists at the DES have turned to Type 1a supernovae again to see what else they can learn about Dark Energy. They presented their results at the 243rd AAS Conference and in a paper to be published in The Astrophysical Journal. The research is titled “The Dark Energy Survey: Cosmology Results With ~1500 New High-redshift Type Ia Supernovae Using The Full 5-year Dataset.” The paper has well over 100 authors‚ all with the DES Collaboration. To perform the survey‚ the DECam mapped almost one-eighth of the entire sky‚ taking 758 nights over six years to do it. The observations captured about two million distant galaxies and several thousand supernovae. After filtering through all of the results‚ the team had over 1500 Type 1a supernovae. “After accounting for the likelihood of each SN being an SN Ia‚ we find 1635 DES SN in the redshift range 0.10<;z<;1.13 that pass quality selection criteria and can be used to constrain cosmological parameters‚” the authors write. This is five times as many high-quality Type 1a SN compared to previous leading research. This result gives scientists “… the tightest cosmological constraints achieved by any SN data set to date‚” according to the authors. DECam uses a system of filters to search for supernovae at different redshifts. Image Credit: DES Collaboration. When scientists discovered the accelerating expansion of the Universe‚ the discovery was based on only 52 high redshift supernovae. Since then‚ surveys of supernovae have come from combining data from multiple surveys. This new survey is a much more homogenous data set consisting of high-quality‚ well-calibrated light curves. Having a large data set from a single survey helps researchers eliminate the systematic errors that weaken the results of previous research. “It’s a really massive scale-up from 25 years ago when only 52 supernovae were used to infer dark energy‚” said Tamara Davis‚ a professor at the University of Queensland in Australia and co-convener of the DES Supernova Working Group.  The massive increase in SN data will allow cosmologists to place constraints on their models of Dark Energy and Universal Expansion. Researchers take each single SN and combine its distance with its redshift‚ which is a measure of how fast it’s moving away from Earth‚ driven by Dark Energy. Scientists are trying to find the answer to a critical question: did the density of Dark Energy change as the Universe expanded over time‚ or has it remained constant? Redshift is the term used to describe the stretching of wavelengths of light from an object as a result of the expansion of the Universe; the greater the object’s distance‚ the greater the redshift. The detailed history of the expansion of the Universe is determined by a precise relation between the distances to galaxies — or supernovae — and their redshifts. Image Credit: DES Collaboration. The standard model of how the cosmos works is called the Lambda Cold Dark Matter (LCDM) model. It explains how the Universe exolves and expands using the density of matter‚ the type of matter‚ and how Dark Energy behaves. The LCDM is based on the assumption that the density of Dark Energy is constant over time and isn’t diluted as the Universe expands. “As the Universe expands‚ the matter density goes down‚” said DES director and spokesperson Rich Kron‚ who is a Fermilab and University of Chicago scientist. “But if the dark energy density is a constant‚ that means the total proportion of dark energy must be increasing as the volume increases.” But these new results may be poking a hole in the LCDM model. “A more complex explanation might be needed.”Professor Tamara Davis‚ University of Queensland‚ Australia and co-convener of the DES Supernova Working Group. This is the first SN survey large enough and with enough distant SN to make a detailed measurement of a critical time in the Universe’s expansion: the decelerating phase before the expansion accelerated about 9.8 billion years after the Big Bang. The results support the idea that the density of Dark Energy is constant in the Universe. Cosmologists think that about three billion years ago‚ Dark Energy began to dominate the Universe’s energy density precisely because it’s constant and doesn’t dissipate with expansion. But this data also hints that the density varies some. “There are tantalizing hints that dark energy changes with time‚” said Davis. “We find that the simplest model of dark energy — ?CDM — is not the best fit. It’s not so far off that we’ve ruled it out‚ but in the quest to understand what is accelerating the expansion of the Universe‚ this is an intriguing new piece of the puzzle. A more complex explanation might be needed.” Any new explanation might stem from changes in our understanding of gravity. Our understanding of Dark Energy’s existence relies heavily on General Relativity and its description of gravity. There are several different‚ competing‚ modified theories of gravity out there‚ and if one of them proves to be correct‚ then a cascade of new understandings in cosmology will follow‚ including Dark Energy and Universal Expansion. But‚ in an eloquent example of how things are intertwined‚ the speed of gravity measured in the ongoing study of gravitational waves eliminated many competing alternate theories of gravity used to explain Dark Energy. As it stands now‚ most astrophysicists believe that Dark Energy exists and drives Universal Expansion. The DES has pioneered some new‚ innovative techniques for analyzing astrophysical data. These techniques will be put to work when the Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope and the Vera Rubin Observatory come online. The Vera Rubin‚ in particular‚ will generate an enormous amount of data that will require powerful data analysis to yield results. “We’re pioneering techniques that will be directly beneficial for the next generation of supernova surveys‚” said DES director and spokesperson Rich Kron. When it comes to the enduring puzzle of the Universe’s expansion‚ the DES’ supernovae survey is just one of many diverse approaches needed to solve it. “We need as many diverse approaches as we can get in order to understand what dark energy is and what it isn’t‚” said Nigel Sharp‚ a program director in NSF’s Astronomical Sciences Division. “This is an important route to that understanding.” The post 1‚500 New Type 1A Supernova Found as Part of the Dark Energy Survey appeared first on Universe Today.

"Just like they told JFK. 'You know what you should do? You should take a convertible!'"

Being able to laugh at their work. The post Flea on the band who “take humour seriously” first appeared on Far Out Magazine.