This Complete List Of Montrose Albums And Songs presents the full discography of Montrose studio albums. Montrose was first formed in 1973. The group Montrose hails from California. This complete Montrose discography also includes every single live album. All these spectacular Montrose albums have been presented below in chronological order. We have also included all original release dates with each Montrose album as well as all original Montrose album covers. Every Montrose album listed below showcases the entire album tracklisting. Montrose (1973) Released October 17‚ 1973 CD Track Listings: “Rock the Nation” – 3:03 “Bad Motor Scooter” – 3:43 “Space The post Complete List Of Montrose Albums And Discography appeared first on ClassicRockHistory.com.

With winter upon us (in the northern hemisphere‚ at least)‚ you may find yourself settling down beneath the blankets with a mug of something hot and a good book or three. Some prefer to escape in fantasies of deserts and warmth‚ but we’re doubling down this season with a list of wintry reads featuring frozen tundras‚ majestic ice castles‚ and at least one magical wardrobe…   The Snow Queen—Joan D. Vinge Joan Vinge’s novel takes us to Tiamat‚ a planet whose suns orbit a black hole‚ and whose inhabitants have split themselves into two rigid ways of life. The Winters believe in tech‚ and travel off-world when they can. The Summers believe in social castes and tradition. Every 150 years‚ the orbit of the planet causes drastic ecological shifts which could cause chaos. To prevent this‚ the planet is ruled by two queens: a Snow Queen to represent the Winters‚ and a Summer Queen to represent the opposition in summer. The Queens live for the entire 150-year span thanks to the “water of life” taken from sentient sea creatures‚ and they are then ritually executed at the end of their rule. But Arienrhod‚ the latest Snow Queen‚ has other plans. The Snow Queen won the Hugo Award for Best Novel in 1981.   The Kingston Cycle Trilogy—C.L. Polk C.L. Polk’s Kingston Cycle takes place in a world similar to Edwardian England‚ where magic and witches are real—and secretly cooperate with the government to temper the devastating storms that hit the country every year. The events of the first book‚ Witchmark‚ disrupts this system—as Stormsong begins‚ all of the electricity is out just in time for winter‚ as massive blizzards threaten to tear the country apart. The books are a whirlwind of magic‚ politics‚ and romance—the wintry backdrop is just the icing on top.   A Wild Winter Swan—Gregory Maguire In an aging townhouse on the Upper East Side of Manhattan‚ lonely Laura is cold and miserable. She’s been kicked out of school‚ and her grandparents want to send her away to boarding school in distant Canada. But when a one-winged boy slams into the roof outside her bedroom‚ he stirs up even more complications. Gregory Maguire’s version of “The Wild Swans” leans into its wintry NYC setting; it’s always snowing‚ always cold‚ always leading up to a holiday or a moment of icy change. A Wild Winter Swan is a Christmas story—and a story about stepping into the cold world on your own.   The Five Daughters of the Moon—Leena Likitalo Imagine a snowglobe‚ inside which a darling little train chugs along through snowy mountains reminiscent of Russia. Then give the snowglobe a fierce shake‚ and look inside to see what’s really going on: That train holds the Five Daughters of the Moon‚ fleeing for their lives as the Crescent Empire threatens to crumble in the face of a revolution led by Gagargi Prataslav and his Great Thinking Machine‚ devouring human souls in its quest to visualize the future. Though Leena Likitalo’s Waning Moon duology begins readers’ journey in an idealized wintry wonderland‚ the furs and the pearls‚ all of the supposed finery‚ are stripped away‚ until it becomes a story about survival and legacy. Once you’re done shivering from the first installment‚ pick up The Sisters of the Crescent Empress.   The Bear and the Nightingale—Katherine Arden If you want to truly embrace the terror and beauty of winter‚ a Russian-inflected modern folktale should do the trick. In Katherine Arden’s The Bear and the Nightingale we meet Vasilisa Petrovna‚ who has no wish to marry. She grew up on tales of Frost Demons‚ rusalka‚ all that is wild and magical in the dark and frozen forests—including the great Bear‚ who is gathering his power in the darkness beyond the village. Enter the stepmother‚ who agrees with the village priests that following the ancient ways will lead to Hell; she wants to see her new daughters packed off to convents‚ where devotion to God will cure them‚ or wed‚ where lives as wives will keep them too busy to bother with uncanny spirits and old lore. When a blizzard freezes the village‚ everyone Vasya loves faces certain starvation. The young woman will have to defy her stepmother and the priest to ally with every “demonic” force who’s willing to help her before the Bear destroys them all.   The Lion‚ The Witch and the Wardrobe—C.S. Lewis When the Pevensie children first step through the Wardrobe and into Narnia‚ they discover a land where it’s always winter and never Christmas‚ thanks to the powers of The White Witch‚ Jadis. She’s held control over Narnia for a hundred years‚ but the arrival of the sons of Adam and the daughters of Eve spells her doom. Their presence in Narnia is enough to weaken her powers‚ beginning with the return of Aslan‚ and resulting in a strange visit from Father Christmas‚ who arms each of the children for the final battle. It’s a pretty great winter read‚ but the best bit is that at the end of the story (um‚ spoiler alert) as winter melts away into a glorious spring‚ which is a resurrection tale we can all agree on.   Winter Tide—Ruthanna Emrys Ever since she escaped the internment camps in which the U.S. government imprisoned the citizens of Innsmouth‚ far from their Deep One ancestors‚ Aphra Marsh has performed the Winter Tide in any way she can: far from the chilly New England town she once called home‚ relying on sigils and half-remembered ritual to part the fog in San Francisco for the hope of communing with the universe and finding answers‚ decades after she was taken from Innsmouth. Ruthanna Emrys’ Lovecraftian novel isn’t about winter in the archetypal sense of snow days and fighting off the cold with coziness; rather‚ it concerns winter as a time of transition‚ of transformation (as Aphra’s people do‚ moving from the land to the sea before their lives were interrupted); and the most chilling of metaphors‚ the Cold War that threatens to turn hot if Aphra doesn’t help FBI agent Ron Spector figure out what secrets Communist spies might have stolen from Miskatonic University.   Nights of Villjamur—Mark Charan Newton Nights of Villjamur tells several stories—one of the coming-of-age of a princess‚ another of a political murder mystery. But these are set against a larger story: an ice age is crashing down upon Villjamur‚ and refugees driven ahead of the freeze are gathered‚ near riot‚ at the city gates. Can the city open and offer them shelter? The new Queen will need to decide how best to help her people‚ and protect them from the long winter that is coming to them.   The Riddle—Allison Croggon The second book in the Pellinor Series‚ The Riddle follows young Bard Maerad as she goes on a quest to solve the Riddle of the Treesong—the only thing that can bring peace to a kingdom divided by Dark and Light. Maerad‚ a former slave‚ is only beginning her magical training‚ and at least on the surface is no match for the journey expected of her. She is trapped in the frozen realm of the Winterking‚ and must use all of her wits and new magic to survive. Croggon takes her time‚ and gives the setting an icy reality that’s hard to shake off after you’ve finished the book.   Cold Counsel—Chris Sharp Slud the Unclean is born at the heart of the longest winter storm that his mountain has seen—the winds and snow not subsiding until a month after his birth‚ during which time various members of the Blood Claw Clan as well as its enemies have been struck down by mysterious bad fortune. Is it any surprise‚ then‚ that his father‚ chief Nine-Claws (whose name changes thanks to Slud’s teething)‚ is inspired‚ after weeks of being cooped up in the mountain‚ to guide his clan to conquer new lands? Unfortunately‚ that same bad fortune also befalls Slud’s family‚ wiping out all of the trolls at the hand of the elves‚ except for Slud and his Aunt Agnes. Hidden away from the ravaging elves‚ Slud is molded into an instrument of revenge—so that when he reaches adulthood‚ he will truly fulfill his name‚ as the Bringer of Troubles.   Winter of the World Trilogy—Michael Scott Rohan A modern narrator translates the Winter Chronicles‚ and tells us the tale of a mythic ice age. As the Great Ice threatens civilization‚ a tiny act of kindness—or is it cruelty—kicks off an epic journey. The leader of the cannibalistic Ekwesh‚ Mylio‚ spares the life of a young boy‚ but then makes him his apprentice. As the boy masters his new skills and forges a powerful sword‚ Mylio takes it up and uses it for evil. The boy‚ now calling himself Elof‚ flees‚ running from both Mylio and the Great Ice. But can such a young man defeat his old Master? Rohan creates a bleak setting to create maximum chilliness for Anvil of Ice‚ the first entry in his Winter of the World trilogy.   Ancillary Justice—Ann Leckie Ancillary Justice spends about the first quarter of the book on an ice planet‚ as our narrator Breq has to navigate an unfamiliar society that has simply gotten used to surviving at sub-zero temperatures. The third or fourth time a character has to thaw frozen bread in water to make it soft enough to eat‚ you’ll be asking yourself “WHY DO THEY STILL LIVE THERE” but when the story flashes back to the incredibly muggy swampland of Shis’urna‚ we actually start to miss the cold. We’re so changeable.   Shiver—Maggie Stiefvater The first book in the Wolves of Mercy Falls series‚ Shiver tells the story of a girl and her werewolf. Grace‚ a human girl‚ finds herself drawn to a pack of wolves without fully understanding why. She knows she should fear them‚ but they seem to be… protecting her? One of them‚ Sam‚ lives a dual life: in the winter he is a wolf‚ running with his pack and loving the cold. In summer he is granted a few sweet months of humanity. His other nature looms over him though—if he allows the cold to take him again‚ will he lose his humanity‚ and with it‚ Grace?   Winter’s Tale—Mark Helprin Mark Helprin’s novel is much-beloved‚ and a great choice for a winter read. We travel to a slightly-alternate Belle Epoque New York bombarded by blizzards. One freezing night an Irish burglar‚ Peter Lake‚ breaks into a mansion‚ only to find a beautiful young girl inside. She’s suffering from consumption‚ and the cold bears down on her like death itself. The two fall into an epic‚ fairy tale love‚ and Lake is inspired to do whatever he can to stop time and save the girl’s life.   The Winter of the World—Poul Anderson In Poul Anderson’s The Winter of the World‚ we begin thousands of years in humanity’s future‚ after an Ice Age has enveloped the Earth. Only a few groups of people have managed to survive‚ and the book explores the different ways they deal with the harsh environment‚ and what values carry humanity forward after so much has been lost. The extreme cold is woven into every page of the story…so maybe wait until summer to read this one.   The Terror—Dan Simmons The Terror digs into Captain Sir John Franklin’s lost expedition to the Arctic and adds an element of the uncanny. The crews of the HMS Erebus and HMS Terror are already fighting starvation‚ scurvy‚ bitter cold‚ and the threat of cannibalism after their ships are trapped in ice. But when they venture out across the floes to find food‚ they themselves become prey for a horrific creature that seems to have sprung from nightmares. As the months go by with no break in the cold‚ the crew try to eke out a life on the two ships‚ while the morale fails within‚ and the monster waits outside…   Cold Earth—Sarah Moss A team of three men and three women (Nina‚ Ruth‚ Catriona‚ Jim‚ Ben and Yianni) travel to Greenland to excavate an ancient Viking site. They attempt to establish normalcy and routine in their camp‚ while the rest of the world lives in fear of a pandemic that is threatening the Earth’s population. Each scientist is haunted by the past‚ but Nina‚ already worried that she’s the weakest member of the expedition‚ finds herself haunted by actual ghosts as well‚ which sets the rest of the team on edge. After the team’s leader makes a disastrous mistake‚ they realize that they may not live through the looming Greenland winter. They cope with their mounting panic by writing letters home—but will the letters reach their families? Will they survive to see the spring?   Ice—Anna Kavan Anna Kavan’s post-apocalyptic novel parallels the death throes of a relationship with the disintegration of a world transformed by glacial encroachment. According to the narrator‚ “the defenseless earth could only lie waiting for its destruction‚ either by avalanches of ice‚ or by chain-explosions which would go on and on‚ eventually transforming it into a nebula‚ its very substance disintegrated” He is called the warden‚ and his world is fog and ice. He hunts for a mysterious girl‚ a girl with skin and hair as white as the walls of ice that have overrun the landscape. Who is she? And why does her image haunt the man? Ice was awarded the Brian Aldiss Science Fiction Book of the Year award in 1967‚ and is now recognized as a classic of slipstream literature.   At the Mountains of Madness—H. P. Lovecraft Lovecraft takes us on a happy jaunt to Antarctica in his novella‚ At The Mountains of Madness. While on expedition‚ geologist and Miskatonic University professor William Dyer investigates the death of his colleagues‚ finding the remains of a dissection experiment and a weird city made of cubes and cones. He drags a poor‚ doomed‚ and probably unpaid grad student into the city‚ which includes a series of helpful hieroglyphs that tell the story of The Elder Things’ war with the Star-Spawn of Cthulhu. As they’re reading the story‚ the explorers realize that They Are Not Alone and scamper‚ but not before the poor doomed grad student’s frail human mind is shattered by the ultimate truth of the Elder Gods. Plus‚ since they’re in Antarctica‚ they’re very very cold during all of this.   Cloud’s Rider—C.J. Cherryh This novel‚ part of Cherryh’s Finisterre Universe‚ takes us to an icy clime! The lost colonists from Rider at the Gate are living in walled cities‚ protected by creatures called nighthorses‚ who shield them from the maddening telepathic onslaught of the native population. One brutal winter night the colonists face a deadly attack. Their only hope is to follow Danny Fisher and his nighthorse‚ Cloud‚ high into the frozen mountains. But once they find sanctuary‚ they may face an even deadlier monster…   The Brief History of the Dead—Kevin Brockmeier To be fair‚ only half of The Brief History of the Dead takes place in the cold. Laura Byrd is trapped in an Antarctic research station‚ and like so many of the books on this list‚ must set out across the unforgiving ice when low supplies and power failures threaten her life. And now for the cold part: the other half of the book takes place in the City of the Dead. The City functions pretty well‚ considering‚ but the dead disappear as they’re forgotten by their survivors‚ and lately the City itself seems to be shrinking. These two stories unfold in alternating chapters as the Dead try to learn what’s going on‚ and Laura fights for life in the blistering cold.   The Left Hand of Darkness—Ursula K. Le Guin The planet of Gethen is also known as Winter‚ which should give you some idea. Genly Ai is a Terran‚ and therefore used to a more varied climate‚ so we get many pages describing not just the culture shock of being in a non-gendered society‚ but also just how terribly‚ terribly cold it is. This really takes off after Genly leaves the relative safety of Karhide to travel to the neighboring kingdom of Orgoreyn‚ because if you thought the cold was oppressive before‚ wait until you’re travelling over an ice sheet! And if you thought that was bad… well‚ we don’t want to spoil anything‚ just be warned that things can always get worse‚ and colder‚ but that the journey is worth it.   This post has been updated since its original publication in January 2015.

The Indigo Disk‚ the final DLC for the Pokemon Scarlet and Violet generation‚ has now been released. Players are having a blast checking out the Blueberry Academy‚ and the subsequent Terarium area. You’ll likely need to fast-travel at some point throughout the game‚ and we’ve covered all the points for you. Pokemon Scarlet and Violet The Indigo Disk DLC: All Blueberry Academy Fast Travel locations The Indigo Disk is here‚ and while we are gearing up to take on the trainers within the Blueberry Academy‚ the massive new Terarium dome that players will get to explore. With four biomes‚ you may want to get around these as fast as you can‚ and taking advantage of the fast travel system is going to be key. In total‚ there are 14 points of travel players can use throughout the region‚ and we’ve got a handy image for you to go by below. Related: How to get Alolan Raichu in Pokemon Scarlet and Violet The Indigo Disk Image: Game Freak...

Although you’ll spend some of your time building and staging as you play House Flipper 2‚ a lot of the game’s earliest segments make cleaning a priority. Here is our guide to the best cleaning practices in House Flipper 2. House Flipper 2 – best cleaning practices In House Flipper 2‚ you have a variety of tools at your disposal. The campaign introduces them one at a time and lets you grow comfortable with them. Before long‚ you’ll use a number of different tools in conjunction with each other‚ blowing through the house like a cleansing wind. To clean houses most efficiently‚ familiarize yourself with not only the Cleaning tool‚ but the Vacuuming and Collecting trash tools. Screenshot: PC Invasion A regular cleaning job At first‚ the regular old Cleaning tool is your best friend. You roam the house‚ spray bottle and rag in hand. There are lots of grime streaks‚ or outlines where objects such as picture frames and clocks onc...

Monopoly GO has come back with the Winter Wonderland milestone event in Monopoly GO — but this time‚ it’s running for the usual time frame. Let’s go! How does Winter Wonderland work in Monopoly GO? Winter Wonderland is a milestone event in Monopoly GO. In milestone events‚ it’s your task to get as many points as you can. At certain point thresholds or milestones‚ you’ll be rewarded. The more you progress‚ the higher the rewards will be. To get points in Winter Wonderland‚ you’ll need to land on the following tiles: Tax tile = 3 points. Utility tile = 2 points. Points earned are multiplied by your dice multiplier‚ so you’ll want to roll high when you’re close to one of the tiles. There are only four around the board‚ so roll carefully! Image via Scopely Winter Wonderland will last for two days‚ ending on December 15th. Excitingly‚ this is running alongside the Gift Partners e...

Warframe is an extremely popular online game‚ and so it is‚ unfortunately‚ prone to server issues. If you’re experiencing difficulties getting online‚ it may be worth checking to make sure the servers aren’t down. How to check Warframe server status A telltale sign of the servers being down is if you are having trouble getting online. To check whether this is the case‚ or whether it’s a problem on your end‚ checking the servers is the best thing to do. There are a couple ways to check this‚ as there’s no official “yes or no” answer. There is a great website to check if others have reported issues of connectivity. Whilst you’re there‚ make sure to report your problems too‚ to build a better case. If this is coming up clear‚ and you’re still having difficulties‚ then it’ll be best to check elsewhere. Note that this website isn’t perfect‚ but if there are potential problems‚ then it’s safe to assume th...

We both went to the Israeli Embassy in Washington recently to watch 46 minutes of raw footage showing Hamas terrorists’ savage attacks Oct. 7 on innocent Israelis‚ including women and children.  It was the most horrific‚ barbaric thing we have ever seen. >;>;>; Warning: This commentary contains graphic descriptions of acts committed by Hamas. In witnessing what Hamas animals did that day‚ we peered into the Ninth Circle of Hell from Dante’s “Inferno‚” which is reserved for the most treacherous sinners known to mankind.  If you have read or seen enough on what happened Oct. 7‚ stop reading here. But as witnesses to this modern-day Holocaust‚ the two of us feel compelled to describe what we saw so that you‚ and everyone else in civil society‚ will never forget. The film shown at the Israeli Embassy is a compilation of raw footage obtained from GoPro video cameras and smartphones used by captured and killed Hamas terrorists; the phones of innocent victims; surveillance videos from home cameras; kibbutz security cameras; photographs by first responders; phone calls between Hamas terrorists and fellow terrorists or family members intercepted by Israeli officials; and Hamas’ own social media posts.  The film includes closed captioning in English‚ so we understood what was being said. Before playing the video compilation‚ embassy officials said it represented only about 10% of the total amount of evidence gathered by Israeli officials. They said Israel has much more gruesome videos and other evidence‚ including recordings of the gang rapes of women and the torture of children‚ among other vile acts.  Out of respect for the victims’ families and a prudent sense of the human capacity to withstand only so much‚ Israeli officials haven’t shown that evidence to the public. Officials said that they were showing the video for two reasons: 1)  to rebut the notion by some that the attacks didn’t happen or were perpetrated by Israel against its own citizens and 2) to inform policymakers‚ the media‚ and influencers of exactly what happened so that they‚ and those they tell‚ never forget what Hamas did that day.  >;>;>; Warning: Graphic content follows. The savagery captured on video falls into five general categories: hunting down and executing human beings; sexual assaults of women and children; beating and kidnapping victims; beheading victims; and burning victims to death.  Some of the scenes we saw have been made public‚ including footage of Hamas terrorists methodically walking through several kibbutzim‚ going house-to-house‚ shooting stray dogs‚ hunting civilians‚ and shooting them through windows and doors or inside their own homes. Throughout the 46-minute film‚ Hamas terrorists repeatedly shout “Allahu Akbar”—Arabic for “Allah is the greatest”—in a maniacal‚ frenzied manner. The more they kill‚ maim‚ and torture‚ the faster and louder they shout the incantation. Their bloodlust appears insatiable.    As the terrorists hunt unarmed‚ defenseless civilians living peacefully in their homes‚ you can hear them talk to each other. In several instances‚ as they spot or sense a living person in a home‚ they refer to the child or woman as “it” instead of “her” or “him.” “Shoot it in the head.”  “Kill it.” Don’t waste any more ammunition‚ because “it is dead.” The terrorists didn’t see their victims as humans‚ but only as objects or varmints to exterminate.  In one house‚ two terrorists find four teenage girls cowering behind and under an office desk. The room is dark‚ illuminated only by the headlamp of a terrorist. One terrorist directs another to “shoot it in the head” because “it’s still alive.” You can hear the muffled cry of one girl‚ then a shot‚ and then silence.  Then two more shots at the bodies. Much of the footage shows young girls and women‚ both alive and dead‚ with blood stains in the crotch area of their shorts or pants. Hamas terrorists yank teenage girls by their hair and jam them into Jeeps. In at least two videos included in the compilation‚ traumatized girls have large blood stains on their pants in the crotch and anal areas‚ clearly indicating repeated‚ violent sexual assault‚ gang rape‚ and sodomy.  One GoPro video from Hamas captures an armed terrorist at the Supernova music festival in southern Israel‚ where attendees are celebrating the Jewish holiday of Sukkot.  The gunman calmly walks down a line of portable toilets‚ firing one shot into each unit. Other videos were taken by Israeli festivalgoers who hid in the portable toilets as the shooting took place. In one‚ a young man holds his phone‚ filming from inside as the shooting occurs‚ his legs shaking uncontrollably.  Later‚ a first responder’s video depicts a blood-soaked portable toilet. Some of those taken hostage are shown being thrown into the bed of a pickup truck. A young man‚ who appears to be missing part of his arm‚ tries to sit up to make room for an injured man tossed in with him. The Hamas terrorists also videotaped beheadings‚ two of which are included in the film. In one beheading‚ an Israel Defense Forces soldier in full body armor and helmet is seen shot and on the ground. A Hamas terrorist pulls out a long butcher knife and hacks at the soldier’s exposed neck‚ at first causing large gashes. The terrorist then begins sawing at the soldier’s neck‚ pushing down forcefully with each thrust. Holding on to the soldier’s helmet with one hand‚ the terrorist severs the head from the body. He picks up the soldier’s head with the helmet and gleefully celebrates his accomplishment as the camera focuses on blood‚ sinew‚ and neck muscle as well as the headless corpse.  A middle-aged male civilian was the victim of the other beheading we saw in the film. He is seen alive‚ lying on the floor.  A Hamas terrorist picks up a long garden hoe‚ lifts the pole above his head‚ and smashes the blunt weapon into the throat of the helpless man.  As shrieks of “Allah is the greatest” intensify‚ this murderer keeps whacking the neck of the dying man until his head comes off.  Dozens of videos and still photographs taken by first responders show burning‚ burned‚ and charred bodies. In photos and videos reminiscent of the Nazi death camps at Auschwitz and Treblinka during World War II‚ we saw mounds of charred and burned bodies. One photo shows the charred body of a barely recognizable woman‚ a handkerchief tied across her mouth and around her head. This indicates she was burned alive‚ her muffled screams silenced by the gag.                                                            *** We had mixed emotions about watching this compilation of videos from Oct. 7. On the one hand‚ we didn’t want to see anything like this. We knew that once we saw it‚ the images would haunt us forever.  On the other hand‚ as professionals whose job it is to explain the world as it is‚ we felt obliged to watch the film.  The fact is Hamas terrorists carried out a modern-day Holocaust in Israel by slaughtering Jews on Oct. 7.  They committed the most vile‚ disgusting war crimes imaginable‚ with no justification either morally or under international law.  The world should never forget what they did.  We certainly won’t.    Have an opinion about this article? To sound off‚ please email letters@DailySignal.com‚ and we’ll consider publishing your edited remarks in our regular “We Hear You” feature. Remember to include the URL or headline of the article plus your name and town and/or state.   The post We Saw What Hamas Terrorists Did Oct. 7 in Israel appeared first on The Daily Signal.

The lyrics to America’s most famous marching song of the Civil War were written when their author was half-asleep and first sold to a magazine for the whopping sum of five dollars. Julia Ward Howe had been visiting Washington‚ D.C. in November 1861 with her husband Samuel when she witnessed Union soldiers singing a boisterous tune known as “John Brown’s Body‚” then popular among abolitionists. A poet and staunch abolitionist herself‚ Howe wished she could write new lyrics to this rather strange ditty that the soldiers were so fond of singing. Yet nothing immediately came to mind.     As in most moments of creative genius‚ the spark of brilliance happened when she was least expecting it. A groggy Howe had woken up too early one morning and was lying in bed thinking about nothing in particular when suddenly “the wished-for lines were arranging themselves in my brain‚” she later wrote. Jumping out of bed‚ “saying to myself‚ I shall lose this if I don’t write it down immediately‚” Howe scribbled down her lyrics and then went back to sleep. She could hardly have expected when she sold the poem to the Atlantic Monthly in 1862 that it would quite literally spread like wildfire and become the hands-down favorite marching song of all men who took up arms to fight for the Union. Howe‚ a committed pacifist‚ was an unlikely military lyricist. Yet the words she came up with that bleary-eyed morning lit a fire in the hearts of all soldiers who heard it and excelled at getting troops riled up‚ such as:  I have seen Him in the watch-fires of a hundred circling camps; They have builded Him an altar in the evening dews and damps: I can read His righteous sentence by the dim and flaring lamps: His day is marching on.  It is said that the song moved President Abraham Lincoln to tears‚ and it became known as the anthem of the Union cause. Howe’s fiery and moralistic lyrics proved enduringly popular‚ and consequently the song has been invoked by all types of movements and groups. Martin Luther King quoted one of its verses in his notable 1968 “I’ve Been to the Mountaintop” speech. Following his assassination only one day later‚ the song became an anthem of King’s church and of the Civil Rights movement. this article first appeared in military history quarterly See more stories subscribe now!  

16 December 2023 marks 250 years since the Boston Tea Party. Once dubbed the “most magnificent movement of all” by John Adams‚ the Boston Tea Party marked the first major act of defiance and challenge against British authority‚ demonstrating how Americans would not passively accept taxation and oppression. The event ignited a spirit of resistance among patriots throughout the 13 colonies‚ galvanising their fight for independence and eventually leading to the American revolution. What factors led to the Boston Tea Party‚ and why did it have such significance? Seven Years War (1756-1763) Although the Seven Years War (known in the US more commonly as the French and Indian War) encompassed multiple nations‚ the main belligerents were the British and French Empires. Seeking territorial expansion across several continents‚ both suffered significant casualties and accumulated substantial debt to fund their protracted struggle for territorial dominance. The most pivotal battleground was in North America‚ which in 1756 had been geographically split between the empires of the British‚ French and Spanish. Through costly yet key victories at Quebec and Fort Niagara‚ the British emerged triumphant‚ annexing substantial swathes of previously held French territory in Canada and the Mid-West via the Treaty of Paris in 1763. While this British victory had eradicated the immediate French and Native Indian threat (to some extent) to Britain’s 13 American colonies‚ military and naval expenditures had nearly doubled Britain’s national debt to £133 million. Consequently‚ the British thought it fair to impose higher taxes on its 13 colonies‚ having accrued the debt fighting wars on the colonists’ behalf. The colonists disagreed‚ and this colonial taxation brought about heightened economic hardship in the US‚ underscoring the cultural disparities and ideological differences between the colonists and the British mainland. Taxes and duties In 1765‚ Britain introduced the Stamp Act‚ which imposed a tax on printed materials – i.e. virtually every piece of paper used in the colonies. Colonists vehemently protested the imposition of new direct taxation on these‚ compelling the British Government to eventually repeal the legislation a year later. However‚ further taxes followed. The rallying cry of “No taxation without representation” became an iconic slogan‚ succinctly summarising colonial outrage and objection at being taxed against their will and without representation in Parliament. The introduction of the Townshend Duties in 1767 and 1768 imposed new forms of indirect taxation on imported goods such as glass‚ paint‚ paper‚ lead and tea. The revenue raised helped pay the salaries of colonial governors and judges – perceived by the colonists as the British buying their loyalty. The imposition of these duties sparked fury in the colonies‚ becoming the main root of spontaneous and violent opposition. Fuelled by propaganda leaflets and posters‚ such as those created by Paul Revere‚ colonists engaged in riots and organised merchant boycotts. Eventually‚ the colonial response was met with severe repression‚ with British troops sent to enforce the duties. Boston Massacre (1770) Just a year after the imposition of the Townshend Duties‚ the governor of Massachusetts urged the remaining 12 colonies to join his state and unite in opposition against the British‚ advocating for a boycott of their goods. Simultaneously‚ a riot erupted in Boston over the seizure of a ship‚ aptly named Liberty‚ involved in smuggling. Despite these signs of unrest‚ there was no indication that the colonies were seriously contemplating fighting their British rulers until the infamous Boston massacre. In March 1770‚ a group of redcoats guarding the Boston Customs House were accosted by a large crowd in the city‚ and bombarded with snowballs and more dangerous missiles as the cold and irate townspeople vented their anger toward the British soldiers. Amidst the chaos‚ they suddenly opened fire after a soldier was knocked down‚ resulting in the British shooting dead 5 colonists and injuring 6 others. The Boston Massacre‚ 1770Image Credit: Paul Revere‚ CC0‚ via Wikimedia Commons While the Boston Massacre is often portrayed as the inevitable start of a revolution‚ it initially prompted the British government to retract the Townshend Duties‚ except the tea tax‚ briefly suggesting that the crisis had abated. However‚ radicals such as Samuel Adams and Thomas Jefferson sustained the simmering resentment‚ keeping the revolutionary fervour alive. What happened at The Boston Tea Party? The British government failed to make further political concessions‚ missing the chance to avert rebellion. Instead‚ increasing widespread agitation by organised groups became widespread. In 1772‚ a British ship enforcing unpopular trade regulations was set ablaze by enraged patriots‚ and Samuel Adams initiated the creation of Committees of Correspondence – a network of rebels across all 13 colonies.  However‚ it was in December 1773 when the most iconic and blatant demonstration of anger and resistance took place. In May 1773‚ the British parliament had passed the Tea Act‚ which permitted the British East India Company to sell tea to the colonies duty-free‚ and much cheaper than other tea companies‚ yet still tax the tea once it reached colonial ports. These rising duties and perceived assault on liberties exacerbated tensions. In November and December that same year‚ the first shipments of tea arrived in Boston‚ New York‚ Philadelphia and Charleston. While most governors turned the ships around or unloaded the tea into a holding warehouse to deescalate tensions‚ Thomas Hutchinson‚ the Governor of Massachusetts‚ refused to allow the ships to return to Britain‚ demanding the tea be unloaded and sold with the duties collected. “The Destruction of Tea at Boston Harbor”‚ lithograph depicting the 1773 Boston Tea PartyImage Credit: Wikimedia Commons / Nathaniel Currier‚ 1896 / Public Domain Subsequently‚ after a meeting of the Sons of Liberty network on the evening of 16 December 1773‚ a group of around 100 colonists‚ led by Samuel Adams‚ boarded the East India Company‘s 3 trade ships (the Dartmouth‚ Eleanor‚ and the Beaver)‚ that were docked at Griffin’s Wharf in Boston’s harbour‚ and poured 342 chests of British tea that belonged to the East India Company (weighing 46 tonnes and worth close to $1‚700‚000 in today’s currency) into the sea. News of the dramatic yet largely peaceful incident spread quickly‚ and while in sympathy with the colonists‚ some prominent figures thought it wrong; George Washington believed private property was sacrosanct‚ and Benjamin Franklin insisted the British East India Company be reimbursed. (The act itself‚ now famously termed the ‘Boston Tea Party’‚ wasn’t immediately known as such. The term was first used in print around 1826‚ but it took until the 1830s until it became a common way of describing the event – perhaps in a satirical manner‚ or to downplay any associations of violence.) Consequences Rather than appease the rebels‚ Britain’s parliament responded with a series of restrictive Coercive Acts (Intolerable Acts) on Massachusetts in early 1774‚ aimed at punishing Massachusetts. These measures – notably the Boston Port Act (which effectively shut down Boston’s port to all trade until the East India Company was reimbursed for the tea thrown in the harbour) – intensified colonial unity and led to the formation of the First Continental Congress in September 1774. Here‚ delegates including George Washington‚ Samuel Adams and John Adams discussed countering Britain’s aggression‚ and how they could coordinate resistance against it. In the ensuing ‘Sussex Resolves’‚ citizens were ordered not to obey the ‘Intolerable Acts’‚ to boycott imported goods from Britain‚ and to raise a militia. In April 1775 the first shots of the American War of Independence were fired as British troops clashed with militia men at the twin battles of Lexington and Concord. British reinforcements landed in Massachusetts and defeated the rebels at Bunker Hill in June – the first major battle. After the British withdrew into Boston‚ they were besieged by an army commanded by General‚ and future president‚ George Washington. On 26 October 1775 King George III declared the American colonies to be in a state of rebellion‚ authorising the use of force against the rebels for the first time. Declaration of Independence‚ painted by John Trumbull.Image Credit: Wikimedia Commons / Public Domain By 4 July 1776‚ the Second Continental Congress had adopted the Declaration of Independence‚ proclaiming the separation of 13 American British colonies from Britain. This enabled the colonists to solidify an official alliance with France‚ and obtain French assistance‚ paving the way for their future victory.

Propaganda in Overdrive