If you thought automation and robotics are a modern development, then you could not be further from the truth. Hero (Ηρων) of Alexandria (sometimes referred to as Heron) is often hailed as one of antiquity's greatest engineers and inventors who was a monumental figure in the history of science and technology of the ancient world. His contributions to mechanical engineering, mathematics, robotics and automation continue to resonate, influencing the development of various technologies that are still relevant today.Living in the 1st century CE, Hero is best remembered for his ingenious devices, many of which were powered by water, air pressure, and steam—pioneering innovations that made him the father of automation.Terry Bailey explains. An illustration of Hero’s aeolipile.Life of Hero of AlexandriaHero's precise dates of birth and death are not well-documented, but he is thought to have lived in the Roman province of Egypt during the 1st century CE, possibly under the rule of emperor Vespasian. Alexandria, the city where he resided and worked, was a vibrant intellectual hub, home to the famous Library of Alexandria and many scholars. Hero likely studied and worked at the Museion, (Museum), (μουσείο), of Alexandria, an institution that supported scientific research and housed many of the era's most important intellectuals.Little is known about Hero's personal life, as much of the biographical data about him has been lost over the centuries. What is clear, however, is his status as a polymath. Making significant contributions to the fields of mathematics, physics, and engineering, and his works were highly regarded by scholars in both his time and during the Renaissance. His influence extended beyond the Greco-Roman world, impacting Islamic scholars who preserved many of his writings and eventually the European world. Hero's InventionsHero's inventive genius is best demonstrated through his numerous mechanical devices. He designed automated machines powered by water, air, and steam that performed tasks automatically without human intervention. These inventions ranged from toys and gadgets to practical devices, many were seen as marvels of engineering during his time.Some of his most significant inventions include: 1. Aeolipile (Hero's Engine)Hero's most famous invention is the aeolipile, which is often considered the earliest recorded example of a simply steam-driven device. The aeolipile consisted of a spherical vessel mounted on a set of bearings. Attached to the sphere were two bent nozzles. When the vessel was heated, water inside it turned to steam, which was forced out of the nozzles, causing the sphere to spin. While the device was not used for practical purposes, it demonstrated the potential of steam power and laid the groundwork for his later developments in engine technology. 2. The Automatic Temple DoorsThe ingeniously designed system developed by Hero to open and close temple doors using the same principles of steam power that Hero discovered on his Aeolipile was a marvel. In this device, the fire would be lit on an altar, heating water. The steam produced would flow into a container, causing it to displace air or liquid into a system of counterweights, which in turn moved the temple doors. This dramatic use of automation not only impressed worshippers but also showcased the mechanical principles Hero was developing and his ability to utilize steam. 3. Vending MachineLong before modern convenience stores and vending machines, Hero designed what is often considered the world's first vending machine. His machine dispensed water when a coin was inserted. The coin would land on a lever that opened a valve, allowing a set amount of water to pour out. Once the coin slid off the lever, the valve would close. This was a prime example of Hero's knack for designing automated systems that performed repetitive tasks efficiently. 4. The Programmable CartThe development of a programmable cart, which could be pre-set to follow a specific course was groundbreaking. The cart was powered by a falling weight, and strings attached to the wheels that controlled its direction. By adjusting the length of the strings, Hero was able to "program" the cart to move in a particular pattern. This early form of automation and programming revealed a very forward-thinking approach to engineering. 5. Hydraulis (Water Organ)One of Hero's mechanical masterpieces was the hydraulis, an early form of a pipe organ that used water pressure to produce sound. The device utilized air pushed through pipes by water that produced music that was both automated and regulated. It is widely considered one of the earliest known musical instruments that combined mechanics with artistry, in addition to, basic mechanical programming. Needless to say, it is from this we derive the modern word hydraulics, (from Ancient Greek ὕδωρ (húdōr) 'water' and αὐλός (aulós) 'pipe) 6. Automata and Theatrical DevicesIt was his fascination with automata, or self-operating machines, that offered him an opportunity to produce fully automated theatre shows complete with theatrical settings. He designed mechanical birds that could sing and even designed a miniature theatre complete with figures that moved automatically. These inventions were primarily used for entertainment, but they also highlighted Hero's understanding of pneumatics and robotics. His automata amazed audiences and further demonstrated his mastery of mechanical engineering. Greatest Achievements and LegacyHero's inventions were undoubtedly revolutionary, but perhaps his greatest achievement lies in his ability to document and share his knowledge. The writings of his work have survived the ages, offering a wealth of information about the scientific and technological advancements of his time. Some of his most important works include Pneumatica, Automatopoietica, Mechanica, and Metrica. These texts not only describe his inventions but also delve into the principles of mathematics, geometry, and physics that underpinned his work. 1. PneumaticaThe treatise Pneumatica is one of his most famous works, where Hero describes a variety of machines that operated on the principles of air pressure and hydraulics. This includes devices like the aeolipile, the automatic temple doors, and various fountains. Pneumatica is a treasure trove of early engineering, showing how Hero applied scientific principles to everyday life, from temples to theatres. 2. AutomatopoieticaIn Automatopoietica, the focus was on automata and robotics. In this work he explained the mechanics behind self-operating devices, offering insight into how machines could perform tasks automatically. This work is an early exploration of robotics, showing that the concept of automating tasks was already being considered in ancient times. 3. MechanicaThe Mechanica explored the fundamental principles of mechanics, such as levers, pulleys, and gears. This work reveals the underlying principles of his inventions and shows Hero's broad understanding of mechanical forces. In Mechanica, he also delves into architectural engineering, explaining how large structures like temples and catapults could be constructed using mechanical systems. 4. MetricaIn Metrica, Hero turned his attention to mathematics and particularly geometry. This work is significant because it compiled various mathematical formulas and theorems that could be applied to practical engineering problems. Metrica includes formulas for calculating the area and volume of different shapes, as well as methods for measuring distances and determining the size of objects. This blend of theoretical mathematics and applied science helped bridge the gap between abstract geometry and practical engineering. Influence and ImpactAlthough much of Hero's work was ignored during the Middle Ages, it was rediscovered by Islamic scholars and engineers during the Islamic Golden Age. His works were translated into Arabic and studied by thinkers like Al-Jazari, who expanded upon Hero's concepts. Later, during the Renaissance, Hero's writings became widely available in Europe, and his engineering principles were further developed by scientists and inventors such as Leonardo da Vinci.Hero's greatest legacy is his role as a pioneer of automation. His inventions demonstrate that the idea of machines performing tasks independently of human intervention is not a modern one but dates back thousands of years. His inventions particularly the aeolipile, foreshadowed the Industrial Revolution, where steam engines became a driving force of change. Hero's work serves as evidence of the innovative spirit of the ancient world and continues to inspire engineers and inventors to this day.In conclusion, Hero of Alexandria was a visionary whose work laid the foundations for automation and mechanical engineering. His life and inventions are remarkable examples of ancient ingenuity, and his influence extends far beyond his era. From the aeolipile to automata, Hero's devices were centuries ahead of their time, demonstrating a deep understanding of physics, mechanics, and mathematics. His writings and inventions not only entertained and served practical purposes in his time but also shaped the future of technology. As the father of automation, Hero's legacy endures, reminding us of the incredible potential for human innovation and development that ancient cultures provided humankind. The site has been offering a wide variety of high-quality, free history content since 2012. If you’d like to say ‘thank you’ and help us with site running costs, please consider donating here.  Notes:AutomationThe word automaton is derived from the Ancient Greek automaton (αὐτόματον), which means "acting of one's own will". It was first used by Homer to describe an automatic door opening or automatic movement of wheeled tripods. RoboticsWe derive the term robotics from the Czech word robota meaning 'forced labor'. It was used for the first time, 100 years ago, in a play by the author of the same nationality, Karel Capek.The full term robotics was first used by American science fiction author Isaac Asimov in 1941 from robot +‎ -ics by comparison to "physics ... hydraulics, celestial mechanics, and so on" in his short story Liar MechanicsThe word Mechanics is derived from Ancient Greek: μηχανική, mēkhanikḗ, lit. 'of machines', is the area of physics concerned with the relationships between force, matter, and motion among physical objects. PneumaticsWe derive the word Pneumatics from the Ancient Greek πνεῦμα pneuma' wind, breath and related to the use of gas or pressurized air in mechanical systems.

Milton regained strength Tuesday and was upgraded again to a Category 5 hurricane on its path toward Florida, threatening to engulf the populous Tampa Bay region with towering storm surges.Milton intensified quickly Monday, then weakened slightly before being upgraded...

Florida authorities are telling those who do not to evacuate ahead of Hurricane Milton to mark themselves with their names and the phone number of a family member so their bodies can be identified and their loved ones notified when they are found.

Britain is facing a "staggering rise" in attempts at assassination, sabotage and other crimes on U.K. soil by Russia and Iran, as the two states recruit criminals to "do their dirty work," the head of Britain's domestic intelligence agency said Tuesday.MI5 Director General...

Climate Goddess Greta Thunberg has issued an urgent decree to her devout followers: **Hurricane Milton will bypass their homes—**if they paint their doorways with the blood of their aborted fetuses. Thunberg, now worshipped as an eco-spiritual figure by climate activists worldwide, took to her social media pulpit to deliver the cryptic message in a livestream while standing in front of a swirling green screen hurricane. “Listen up, you climate sinners. Milton is coming,” she warned with a piercing stare. “But fear not, for you can still be spared—if you make the ultimate environmental sacrifice.” The controversial remedy, which instantly trended under #BloodForClimateJustice, has garnered mixed reactions. According to Thunberg, the “blood of your past reproductive choices” serves as the perfect symbolic gesture to both appease Mother Earth and demonstrate an unwavering commitment to reducing humanity’s carbon footprint. “Just as the Israelites marked their doors with lamb’s blood to escape divine wrath,” Thunberg declared, “we must mark our doors to escape the wrath of Milton—by using something far more socially relevant: the blood of choice.” She assured followers that her magical climate rituals are “totally grounded in science,” citing the mystical connection between personal sacrifices and the unpredictability of nature. “The data is clear: fewer fetuses, fewer storms,” she concluded before gliding off-screen in a gust of sanctimonious wind. Progressive circles embrace Thunberg’s new edict with open arms—and conveniently overlook any contradictions. An impromptu parade of eco-celebrities, led by Jane Fonda, immediately took to the streets wearing sustainable hemp robes and wielding buckets of artisanal vegan blood substitutes as they prepared to ward off the climate wrath. “If Greta says it, I’m doing it!” shouted one enthusiastic protester while waving a coat hanger “sacrifice stick” in the air. While Greta’s supernatural weather intervention quickly went viral, some noted the small logistical challenges involved in procuring enough, well, blood. “Look, I’ve always supported choice, but how am I supposed to get this much blood on short notice?” complained one follower, while another environmentalist awkwardly suggested “crowdsourcing” their contribution to meet the demand. Meanwhile, not everyone is on board. Critics—mainly the “climate-denying bigots”—have condemned Thunberg’s actions as extreme and impractical. They argue that science should drive climate policy, not the pseudo-religious visions of a Swedish teenager now dabbling in apocalyptic, blood-smeared prophecy. Still, Thunberg’s influence has never been stronger. Prominent politicians are taking her edict seriously, with AOC calling for a national “Blood for Climate Relief” day. “It’s simple,” she said on a livestream. “If every progressive household contributes, we can stop Milton in its tracks!” Meanwhile, Vice President* Kamala Harris is said to be drafting an executive order that encourages optional climate-blood door painting, but only after polling shows how many likely voters are up for the challenge. As Hurricane Milton approaches, one thing is clear: in the gospel according to Greta, the fate of your home is now tied not just to your carbon emissions—but to your ability to channel your personal reproductive history into an ancient, eco-friendly ritual. The post Climate Goddess Greta Thunberg declares Hurricane Milton will spare followers’ homes if they paint their doors with aborted fetus blood appeared first on Genesius Times.

TULSA, OK — Local dad Tim Gardner admitted to sort of phoning in the last 50 or so pages of a Dr. Seuss book last night.

NEW YORK, NY — Local man Bradley Hart caught some awkward stares from members of his church small group earlier this week after the 38-year-old claimed that he "just doesn't have time to memorize Scripture," despite the fact that he had evidently committed the entire 1986 New York Mets roster to memory.

As any dragon, leprechaun, and eccentric jewelry collector will tell you, it can be difficult to find a good place to hide your gold. Some poor saps put it in a safe deposit box or a vault, not realizing that any two-bit gold thief will look in those places first.

The more scientists study the Red Planet, the more they find unusual objects and patterns scattered across Mars' surface. Here are some of the most baffling.

The Supreme Court Will Not Defend the Second Amendment!, iStock-1020504756 Today, the Supreme Court heard oral arguments that will determine the legality of companies selling unfinished frames that help…