Infinite Craft is in fact very infinite and going on forever‚ which begs the question: does Infinite Craft save your progress? And if so‚ to just what extent is it saved? Does Infinite Craft save? Yes‚ Infinite Craft saves automatically unless you hit the reset button in the left corner. Infinite Craft’s save system is browser specific. This means it will save within the browser you’re using. You can refresh the page‚ open and close Infinite Craft‚ and it will keep all of your progress. However‚ Infinite Craft does not carry over progress between browsers. So I hope you picked your most comfortable browser the first time around. Why it’d be anything other than Firefox‚ that’s a question for me to ask in another article. Can I transfer progress in Infinite Craft? So while you can’t transfer progress between browsers‚ as cool as that would be‚ you are free to open and re-open Infinite Craft as much as you’d like without worry of losing ...

As I’m discovering what new things to make in the latest craze of Infintie Craft‚ it seems like there are no limits. So with the newfound knowledge‚ I’ve been trying to make even more complicated things to make. I landed on the wise leader of the Autobots‚ Optimus Prime. He has the same complexity as making God‚ but by reading this guide‚ you could have an easier time. To learn how to build Optimus Prime in Infinite Craft in minutes‚ follow this guide.  Infinite Craft: How to make Optimus Prime Like most things in Infinite Craft‚ when you aim to get more creative you have to take into account more parts. For the fearless leader of the Autobots‚ he has a couple of them. Luckily‚ the deeper you go into creating him‚ it gets much easier.  Related: How to make Link and Zelda in Infinite Craft To make this guide easy to follow along‚ I’m breaking it down into parts so you can refer back to it as you go. Additionally‚ it would be a great idea to keep this guide open as yo...

Sometimes‚ it’s healthy to take a step back from rampant bug- and bot-killing and have a little breather with something new. If you’re looking for something like Helldivers 2‚ which still has high-octane warfare and goal-driven extraction energy‚ here are some of my suggestions. 9. Earth Defense Force 5 Yes‚ there are five of these‚ and they’re all as mad as the last. There is also planned to be a sixth‚ but who knows when that one is coming out. In the meantime‚ you can defend the Earth from the relentless onslaught of bugs with your endless ground troops. Screenshot via YouTube/SsethTzeentach Akin to Helldivers 2‚ this game is best for utter bug and friendly annihilation. Friendly fire is always on‚ and a lot of the various shoulder-mounted rockets‚ air strikes‚ and guns do not discriminate. It is huge amounts of multiplayer fun that quickly makes you forget the dated graphics. One of the best couch co-op games of all time‚ in my humble opinion. 8. St...

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A new paper has taken a look at panspermia and the suggestion that dust particles could escape the gravity of host planets and make their way across the galaxy‚ seeding life on other planets.There are a number of ideas about how life began on Earth‚ with the most likely being that it emerged in hydrothermal vents in the oceans billions of years in the past. But not all theories have Earth as the beginning place of life on Earth. One theory‚ which would still leave us with the problem of how life initially began‚ is that life could be carried across the Solar System‚ or perhaps even the galaxy. The idea‚ known as panspermia‚ has been around in various forms for centuries‚ but was named in the early 1900s by Swedish scientist Svante Arrhenius. Arrhenius suggested that small dust grains containing live organisms could be carried out of a planet's atmosphere‚ and then propelled across space by solar radiation pressure. Putting aside whether life – even hardy life – could survive the arduous journeys involved‚ various astronomers have attempted to calculate how long it would take life to radiate out from a planet in this way. One team concluded that it would take around 20 days for life to make it to Mars from Earth‚ 14 months to get to Neptune‚ and 9‚000 years to get to Alpha Centauri – a long time for humans‚ but a blink of an eye in cosmic terms.Previous research has shown that small amounts of dust grains at high altitudes could gain escape velocity by colliding with cosmic dust particles‚ starting their journey across the cosmos. In a new preprint paper‚ yet to be published in a peer-reviewed journal‚ physicist Zaza N. Osmanov attempted to calculate the spread of this life across the galaxy‚ if indeed it is able to survive the journey. Despite the distances involved‚ travel by this method looks pretty viable‚ according to the paper."We have considered the dynamics of planetary dust particles 'propelled' by planets‚ and it has been shown that in 5 billion years‚ dust grains can travel in the [interstellar medium] at distances of the order of several hundred light-years‚" Osmanov concluded. "By taking the stellar distribution density into account‚ we have found that dust particles emitted by every single planet will reach as much as 105 stellar systems."Despite this intriguing idea‚ Osmanov also found problems for fans of the panspermia concept‚ in that dense molecular clouds may trap planetary dust grains as they fly through the galaxy. However‚ as usual‚ the bigger problem might be fueling the Fermi Paradox. "Analyzing the problem in the context of the Drake equation‚ it has been found that the minimum number of planets in the Milky Way that have developed life should be of the order of 3 × 107‚" Osmanov wrote‚ "implying that the whole galaxy will be full of dust particles with complex molecules."For that life to take hold‚ it would still need to find itself on planets with favorable conditions‚ but if there is life out there‚ according to this paper it should be seeding other life elsewhere‚ leading us to once again ask: Where is everybody?The paper‚ as-yet unpublished‚ is available on preprint server arXiv.

The majority of rivers start in lofty mountains before flowing down their slopes and ending up in the sea. While that simplistic story explains the route of most rivers‚ many others have more eccentric and elusive origin stories. The starting point of a river is referred to as the river source and headwater. Along with mountains‚ other common river sources include melting glaciers‚ lakes‚ bogs‚ marshlands‚ and groundwater springs. Mountains often serve as a river source because they can help generate clouds and‚ in turn‚ produce precipitation like rain or snow‚ which leads to gushing rivers. As wind blows against the mountains‚ it’s forced to rise upwards where it is condensed into clouds. Eventually‚ the clouds that lurk atop the mountain will drop their load in the form of rain or snow‚ which eventually trickles down in the form of rivers. Since most of Earth’s land is higher than sea level‚ it makes sense that gravity will often lead rivers to the edge of land into the wider ocean. However‚ mountain-top rain and snow aren’t always the starting point. The headwater of the Indus‚ Ganges‚ and Brahmaputra rivers in Asia‚ for instance‚ all owe their flow to melting glaciers in the Himalayas‚ Karakorum‚ and Hindu Kush mountains.Sometimes‚ mountains aren’t involved at all. One example is the River Thames‚ the murky vein of water that famously flows through London before emptying into the North Sea. Its flow starts in Gloucestershire from deep underground springs originating in the Cotswolds’ limestone aquifers. Where exactly‚ though‚ is still hotly debated. Thames Head near the village of Coates is commonly cited as its source‚ but many believe it should be attributed to Seven Springs‚ just south of Cheltenham‚ as it contributes waters to the Thames but slightly further away from its mouth. Indeed‚ it isn’t always possible to pinpoint a single coordinate on a map and say “This is where river X starts.” Rivers often have many trickles and tributaries that feed into one another and culminate in a single river. Although the river source is generally attributed to the farthest point from the river’s mouth‚ it can be tricky to determine.The source of the River Nile has been a longstanding mystery‚ despite its prestige as the longest river on the planet – well‚ maybe the longest river (more on that later). Lake Victoria‚ Africa's largest lake by area‚ is often credited as the source of the Nile. However‚ this great lake is fed by other rivers‚ namely the Kagera River‚ which stems from the Ruwenzori Mountains. All in all‚ it’s a lot more complex than it first appears.Likewise‚ the Amazon River’s source has proved equally evasive over the centuries. While it’s evident it originates somewhere in the Peruvian Andes‚ it’s harder to tell where exactly. In 2007‚ Brazilian scientists embarked on a 14-day expedition to find the river’s source. Their trip up-ended previous theories by suggesting the Amazon’s flow originated amidst a river in the south of Peru‚ as opposed to the north of the country. If their findings were accurate‚ it would extend Amazon's length by about 284 kilometers (176 miles)‚ making it longer than the Nile. So‚ which is longer: the Amazon or the Nile? It ultimately depends on where you consider its source – and that’s not easy to ascertain. In April 2024‚ another team of scientists is heading back to the Peruvian Andes‚ hoping to solve the mystery once and for all. 

The dance of the continents could be about to take a new turn‚ with the Atlantic moving from a growth to a contraction phase. This‚ some geologists predict‚ will be caused by the breaking of tectonic plates‚ causing lines of volcanoes along the coastlines of Africa and Iberia.Over billions of years‚ the Earth’s continents have repeatedly come together and come apart. There is no doubt this will happen again; what is uncertain is the timing and whether most continents will collect at the North Pole or the equator.Dr João Duarte of the University of Lisbon leads a team that thinks they can predict both‚ at least if you offer a few tens of millions of years of flexibility on the latter question.The origins of the Atlantic date back around 180 million years when a rift split Pangea and the Americas sailed west and Asia went east. In the process‚ subduction zones have formed around the margin of the Pacific as each continent has forced the edges of oceanic plates into the mantle. This does not happen easily‚ and these zones have given rise to the Pacific Ring of Fire‚  home to most of the world’s active volcanoes and largest Earthquakes.If the process is to reverse and the Atlantic starts to close‚ new subduction zones would have to form along the opposite coastlines. That’s not an easy process. Subduction zones require tectonic plates to bend and sometimes break. The process can be self-reinforcing once it gets started‚ but kicking it off is hard. “The aged oceanic lithosphere is thick and strong‚ making it resistant to breaking and bending‚” Duarte and co-authors write in a new paper.“The only force that can start a subduction zone is another subduction zone (if you exclude meteoritic impacts and super mantle plumes)‚” Duarte told IFLScience. He and his colleagues argue the seed for future subduction zones lies in the western Mediterranean‚ where an ancient zone brought Africa and Europe towards each other.If Duarte and colleagues’ modeling is correct‚ the largely inactive subduction zone beneath the Strait of Gibraltar will invade the Atlantic. This will start the process of pulling the Atlantic oceanic plate beneath Africa and Europe‚ causing the ocean to close."Subduction invasion is inherently a three-dimensional process that requires advanced modeling tools and supercomputers that were not available a few years ago. We can now simulate the formation of the Gibraltar Arc with great detail and also how it may evolve in the deep future‚" Duarte said in a statement. The Gibraltar subduction zone was once very active‚ as Africa pushed north‚ but this has faded in the last few million years‚ leading models of the tectonic future to ignore it. However‚ Duarte concludes you can’t keep a good subduction zone down forever‚ predicting in around 20 million years the newly extended zone will revive.    One side of an ocean can’t form a ring. The Atlantic would also be unlikely to close if this was the only future subduction zone. However‚ things could change in the Western Atlantic even sooner.“There are two other subduction zones on the other side of the Atlantic‚” Duarte said in the statement. “The Lesser Antilles in the Caribbean and the Scotia Arc‚ near Antarctica. However‚ these subduction zones invaded the Atlantic several million years ago. Studying Gibraltar is an invaluable opportunity because it allows observing the process in the early stages when it is just happening.”“The subductions formed [in the west Atlantic] around 50 million years ago and have been slowly moving‚" Duarte told IFLScience. "For them to win over the opening of the Atlantic they will have to spread‚ and eventually force the Mid-Atlantic ridge to subduct. This may take more than 20 million years.”It might be assumed that if the Atlantic is closing it means the Pacific Ocean will open even wider. However‚ “Everything seems to suggest that the Pacific will close…‚" Duarte told IFLScience. "This was something that troubled me for a while… The solution is that another ocean has to open‚ and that may well be the Indian‚ or even an ocean that may split Africa and Eurasia.” Duarte thinks the opening of the East African Rift‚ which will eventually create a new small continent may be the start of this‚ along with rifts within Asia.The study is published in Geology.

A new analysis of human activities at two prehistoric sites in the Colombian Amazon has revealed that people were well established in the region by around 13‚000 years ago. By studying layers of soil‚ researchers were able to tease out the long-term history of both settlements‚ indicating that the ancient inhabitants began producing rock art more than 10‚000 years ago and eventually took up farming some eight millennia later.“The ‘peopling’ of South America represents one of the great migrations of human history – but their arrival into the Amazon biome has been little understood‚” explained study author Mark Robinson in a statement. “Our recent excavations‚ however‚ help to fill this gap‚ not only dating their arrival to much earlier than previously understood‚ but also providing novel insights into their lives and historical trajectories during the Holocene.”First discovered by Robinson and his team during fieldwork conducted in 2017 and 2018‚ the two rock shelters form part of a series of settlements within the Serranía La Lindosa region‚ at the edge of the Amazon. It was here that the researchers found one of the world’s largest collections of prehistoric rock art‚ covering a 13-kilometer (8-mile) stretch of rock face.Painted in red ocher‚ the ancient artworks depict some of the now-extinct megafauna that inhabited the region during the Ice Age‚ including mastodons and giant sloths. However‚ until now‚ little was known about what went on at the site during the thousands of years that it was in use.After studying the distribution of stone tools‚ charcoal‚ and food waste in different layers of soil‚ the researchers were able to identify four waves of activity. The first of these corresponds to the late Pleistocene and early Holocene‚ from around 12‚600 to 10‚000 years ago.Evidence for the grinding of red ocher can be found in these layers‚ suggesting that the practice of painting the walls began with the earliest inhabitants of Serranía La Lindosa. “All of the rock shelters exhibit ochre paintings from the earliest occupations‚ indicating that those pioneers were also recording and making sense of this new world they encountered‚” explained study author Dr Jo Osborne.In their write-up‚ the researchers say that these primordial paintings “could well record the origins of an Amazonian cosmovision and way of viewing and living in the world.” Based on the animal remains present at the site‚ the authors were also able to discern that the earliest occupants ate piranhas‚ capybaras‚ snakes‚ crocodiles‚ caimans‚ and turtles‚ among other species.Subsequent phases of occupation were dated to the early to middle Holocene (9‚500–5‚900 years ago)‚ the initial late Holocene (4‚100–3‚700 years ago)‚ and the late Holocene (3‚000–300 years ago). Only during this final phase did the study authors identify the presence of Amazonian Dark Earth‚ a type of super-rich soil cultivated by ancient farmers throughout the Amazon region.Interestingly‚ the rock shelters appear to have been abandoned for thousands of years during the mid-Holocene‚ between about 6‚000 and 4‚000 years ago. “The reason for this abandonment is currently unclear”‚ write the authors‚ who also explain that similar desertions are known to have occurred at other Amazonian sites during this period. Summing up the team’s findings‚ study author José Iriarte said that “the results firmly establish that the human occupation of Serranía La Lindosa began in the late Pleistocene‚ about 12‚600 years ago‚ and continued until the 17th century‚” “The exceptional number of rock shelters found in the region with evidence of human habitation suggest that this area was an attractive landscape for forager groups‚ where they could access palm-dominated tropical forest‚ savannah‚ and riverine resources‚” he added.The study is published in the journal Quaternary Science Reviews.

If someone says “Neanderthal” to you‚ what’s the first thing that pops up in your head? If it happens to be an image of a “caveman”-esque person‚ it wouldn’t be all that surprising. A quick image search brings up results mostly showing male Neanderthals – but what about the females of the species? What do we know about them and how they lived?Leaving home?With limited research in the area‚ it’s difficult to know much about the early years of a female Neanderthal’s life. However‚ when it comes to progressing towards adulthood‚ there are some clues.For example‚ there’s a mutation from Neanderthals present in some humans today that is thought to cause earlier onset of menarche – the first menstrual cycle or period. This suggests that female Neanderthals may have started their periods and reached maturity (at least in the reproductive sense) at an earlier age than is typically seen in humans today.As they got older‚ they may well have also taken on sexual partners or mates. If they did find a mate‚ a small study suggests that female Neanderthals may have moved from their own community to their partner’s. Researchers analyzed the genomes of Neanderthal individuals whose remains were found in two different Siberian caves for clues as to their social organization. This included the sequence of Y chromosomes‚ which are passed down from fathers‚ but they also looked at the maternally inherited mitochondrial DNA.From this‚ they found that there was more diversity in the mitochondrial genome than in Y chromosome DNA‚ which the researchers suggest is “best explained by female migration between communities.”However‚ the team only presented the genetic data of 13 individuals; more samples would be required to make any solid conclusions about whether or not female Neanderthals did in fact move away from their original communities. Painful childbirth – but they may have had helpRegardless of where they ended up staying‚ at some point many female Neanderthals would’ve ended up with a cute (ok‚ on this part we’re guessing) little Neanderthal baby – although we now know it could also have been half Homo sapiens. Even for present-day humans‚ the experience of getting a baby out of you can be something of a mixed bag‚ but what was childbirth like for Neanderthals?Probably just as painful and difficult as it is today‚ according to researchers from the University of California at Davis and the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. Using computed tomography scans‚ researchers created a virtual reconstruction of a Neanderthal pelvis; specifically‚ that of a female found in the Tabun cave.The reconstruction suggests that the birth canal of a female Neanderthal was quite different from that of a modern human; it was widest from side to side and did not twist. This lack of twisting indicates that babies may not have rotated in the womb (though not everyone is convinced)‚ although that doesn’t mean childbirth was any easier back then. Neanderthal babies may have had slightly bigger‚ longer heads‚ so a big ol’ baby noggin plus a relatively small area from which to enter the world would still have equaled a whole lotta ouch.Thankfully‚ they may have had people at their side to get through it. A 2019 study puts forward that Neanderthals had healthcare practices – and according to lead author Dr Penny Spikins‚ that could have extended to something akin to midwifery.“It is likely that they would have had assisted childbirth; the role that we now attribute to midwives‚” said Spikins in a statement. “Without support‚ they probably could not have survived the toll that the death rate of mothers and babies could have taken on their communities.” “Hunting belonged to everyone”Beyond giving birth to the next generation of Neanderthals‚ what was the role of females within their communities? Although it’s hard to say for certain‚ evidence suggests that it may not have been all that different from the male members of the species.Trauma to the bones reflecting a life of hunting has been found in the fossils of both male and female Neanderthals‚ as has evidence of tooth wear indicating both sexes partook in activities where teeth were used as an extra hand‚ such as hide-working.According to assistant professor of anthropology Cara Ocobock‚ that probably didn’t change with parenthood either. “[W]e have no reason to believe that prehistoric women abandoned their hunting while pregnant‚ breastfeeding or carrying children‚” said Ocobock in a statement‚ “nor do we see in the deep past any indication that a strict sexual division of labor existed.”Hunting "belonged to everyone‚ not just to males.”Of course‚ without a time machine‚ it’s difficult to know exactly what the life of a female Neanderthal was like – it’d be easier to say what they couldn’t do‚ like go to a supermarket or subscribe to IFLScience’s YouTube channel. But from what little evidence we have‚ it paints a picture with many differences‚ and a few similarities‚ to what is seen in their distant relatives today.