On Nov. 21‚ the student newspaper serving Saint Mary’s College and the University of Notre Dame broke the story that Saint Mary’s‚ a Catholic women’s college founded in 1844‚ would now consider…

It doesn’t need to be summertime to stock up on summer gear‚ nor does it need to be summer to “opt outside.” Christmas is the perfect time to cash in on deals and stock up for adventures in the…

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They brilliantly combined traditional Irish music and punk rock‚ scoring a holiday classic with 'Fairytale in New York.' Continue reading…

ACTS 14 Titus 1:5 For this cause left I thee in Crete, that thou shouldest set in order the things that are wanting, and ordain elders in every city, as I had appointed thee: Links to my sites here and the bottom of every post- Most updated at bottom. https://ccoutreach87.com/links-to-my-sites-updated-10-2018/ Stats   https://ccoutreach87.com/stats-4-21/  Acts 14 videos-…

With over 190 different recipes to choose from‚ the cooking mechanics in Disney Dreamlight Valley are an integral part of the game as a whole. Cooking up nutritious meals is a great way to boost your energy‚ as well as fill up your list of recipes for the completionists out there. Not all recipes are created equal‚ however. Some require full shopping lists worth of ingredients‚ acquired in very specific circumstances‚ in order to cook. The bouillabaisse is one such recipe. If you want to serve up this sensational soup for yourself‚ then read on to learn how to cook bouillabaisse in Disney Dreamlight Valley. How to whip up a bouillabaisse in Disney Dreamlight Valley The bouillabaisse is a five-star recipe in the entree category‚ meaning it’s one of the most high-quality meals you can cook up in Disney Dreamlight Valley. Before you can cook it‚ you’ll need to gather the required ingredients‚ which are as follows: Ingredient:How to Get:Any Seafood...

Our quest for the coldest place in the universe – which turned up a distinctive answer if you're only looking at pure‚ natural cold – raises an obvious counterpart. As with the coldest‚ the heaviest object‚ the fastest object‚ and the hardest substance‚ it turns out the answer depends a bit on what you mean by the question.Whereas the Boomerang Nebula‚ our answer to the coldest question‚ has probably held that title for 1‚500 years‚ the answer to the hottest is likely to be in constantly changing flux.It takes remarkable conditions for something to naturally cool below the background radiation temperature left over from the Big Bang‚ which is why we didn't discover an example until 1995. On the other hand‚ all sorts of astronomical events come with an intense release of heat that quickly dissipates into the space around it.Supernovae are the most famous example. There is uncertainty as to just how hot they get‚ because we almost always only see supernova after they have exploded. Nevertheless‚ a combination of direct observations later in the process‚ and modeling‚ leads to estimates of around 100 billion Kelvin (roughly 180 billion °F‚ or 100 billion °C) even in stars towards the lower mass end of the supernova range.That's 6‚000 times the temperature at the core of the Sun‚ so it is fair to say our surrounding environment is thoroughly eclipsed here. Indeed‚ it takes a temperature of about a billion Kelvin just to initiate a supernova in the first place.This‚ however‚ is just for an ordinary Core Collapse supernova‚ the kind that doesn't even make a black hole‚ leaving a neutron star behind instead. Larger‚ black hole-forming‚ events should be hotter still – and while hypernovae release 10-100 times the energy of a typical supernova‚ kilonovae‚ when neutron stars collide‚ have been estimated at 800 billion Kelvin.But what if there's not a supernova going off right now? Supernovae are rare in a specific galaxy‚ averaging about one a century even in larger galaxies like our own. However‚ the universe is awfully big‚ so at any given time there is probably a supernova exploding‚ or one has recently enough it has had little chance to cool. Hyper and kilo nova are a lot rarer.Nevertheless‚ some people asking the question might be looking for a more permanent location. Anything releasing that much heat is probably going to be pretty unstable‚ but it turns out there is at least one environment that can remain almost unimaginably hot on a sustained basis: the active galactic nuclei around supermassive black holes.As material falls into a black hole it heats up and releases energy in the form of electromagnetic radiation. In some cases‚ this causes the formation of quasars that are so hot and bright that the few light-years around the central black hole can release thousands of times as much light as the Milky Way‚ allowing us to see them almost back to the dawn of time.According to a 2016 study of the quasar 3C273‚ the plasma around the black hole has a temperature of around 10 trillion Kelvin (roughly 18 trillion °F‚ or  10 trillion °C). Not only has this probably got any hypernova beat‚ but although it varies a bit it's been broadly sustained since this was the first quasar we found‚ and probably for tens of thousands of years earlier. Although there may be even hotter quasars out there‚ it's unlikely there are many. Despite being 2.4 billion light-years away‚ 3C273 is a particularly bright quasar visible in backyard telescopes.Where humanity has managed to get millions of times closer to absolute zero than any natural phenomena we know‚ beating nature at heat-making is a lot harder. Nevertheless‚ a decade ago CERN set the record for artificial temperatures making a quark-gluon soup thought to replicate conditions soon after the Big Bang. That was announced as a record at 5.5 trillion Kelvin (roughly 9.9 trillion °F‚ or  5.5 trillion °C). That's at least in the right ballpark for a powerful quasar.However‚ the volume of particles being smashed together as CERN did this was so tiny that many people may dispute the inside of the Large Hadron Collider counts as a “place”‚ and it's also not something we can sustain for long.Whether in the heart of a quasar or in a particle smasher‚ nothing today comes close to the heat soon after the Big Bang. This is thought to have got within a few orders of magnitude of the Planck Temperature‚ a sort of cosmic ceiling on possible heat calculated as 1.41 x 1032 Kelvin‚ ie about 10 billion‚ billion times hotter than 3C273.

With over half a century since NASA last landed astronauts on the Moon‚ it's pretty exciting that the space agency will soon be returning to it with the upcoming Artemis missions. Before the crewed launch (fingers tightly crossed) in November 2024‚ NASA will return to the Moon‚ hitching a lift aboard a private company's lander on January 25.The mission‚ run by American space company Astrobotic‚ will carry NASA instruments to the lunar landscape‚ to study it ahead of the space agency's planned landings. Onboard the Peregrine lander will be 21 payloads from NASA‚ governments‚ universities‚ and companies‚ from seven different countries. Among NASA's payloads is a Neutron Spectrometer System‚ which will look for signs of water-ice near the lunar surface‚ examining the composition of the soil‚ and a Linear Energy Transfer Spectrometer‚ which will collect information about radioactivity at the lunar surface. A more annoying payload‚ funded by a cryptocurrency company‚ will be a single bitcoin loaded into a physical coin emblazoned with the logo.While there‚ the company is hoping to guarantee 10 days of working time for the instruments‚ before the long lunar night will likely stop them functioning. “It’s incredible to realize that we are just a short time away from our Peregrine spacecraft beginning its journey to the Moon‚” John Thornton‚ CEO of Astrobotic‚ said in a press release. “After years of dedication and hard work‚ we are so close to having our moonshot. We invite you to follow along as Peregrine‚ with seven countries represented aboard‚ launches to the Moon and attempts one of the first successful landings of an American spacecraft since Apollo.”   As well as an exciting day‚ for some the launch will be a funeral. Space burial firm Celestis‚ which promises to launch the remains of loved ones into space‚ have purchased space on board the lander. The Peregrine lunar lander has now been delivered safely to Cape Canaveral‚ Florida‚ ahead of the launch date of December 24‚ 2023.“As we know‚ space is a difficult environment. We’re ready for launch after successfully completing a battery of industry-standard acceptance testing so Peregrine has the best chance for mission success‚” Sharad Bhaskaran‚ Astrobotic’s Peregrine Mission One Director‚ said. “Peregrine and the team are ready. After launch‚ we will separate from the Vulcan Centaur and establish power and communications with the spacecraft to guide it to the Moon. Then‚ we will attempt a historic autonomous landing on the lunar surface.” 

Going to space is‚ let's face it‚ one of the coolest things most of us will never get to do. But while you're in space‚ your body is undergoing some other strange effects‚ which might make you feel a little better about not being able to go there.Your fingernails can fall offIn the vacuum of space‚ the pressure around you is so low that the boiling point of the fluids inside your body decreases to below that of your body temperature‚ and gas bubbles will begin to form inside you. "Some degree of consciousness will probably be retained for 9 to 11 seconds. In rapid sequence thereafter‚ paralysis will be followed by generalized convulsions and paralysis once again‚" NASA's Bioastronautics Data Book explains."During this time‚ water vapor will form rapidly in the soft tissues and somewhat less rapidly in the venous blood. This evolution of water vapor will cause marked swelling of the body to perhaps twice its normal volume unless it is restrained by a pressure suit."Your blood would stop circulating‚ while gas and water vapor would flow slowly out of your airways‚ and the resulting moisture evaporation would cause your mouth and nose to freeze slightly before the rest of you. As such‚ the International Space Station (ISS)‚ other space stations‚ and spacecraft are all artificially pressurized for advantages such as "allowing you to breathe" and so that you don't "die in the vacuum of space". When astronauts go on spacewalks‚ their suits are also pressurized to keep them safe and healthy. But there are disadvantages‚ one being that astronauts tend to develop injuries including onycholysis‚ where the fingernail separates from the nail bed."Injuries to the hands are common among astronauts who train for extravehicular activity‚" a NASA study explains. "When the gloves are pressurized‚ they restrict movement and create pressure points during tasks‚ sometimes resulting in pain‚ muscle fatigue‚ abrasions‚ and occasionally more severe injuries such as onycholysis. Glove injuries‚ both anecdotal and recorded‚ have been reported during EVA training and flight persistently through NASA's history regardless of mission or glove model."Cosmic ray visual phenomenaDating back to the Apollo program‚ many astronauts have reported mysterious bright flashes of light in their eyes. One survey of 59 astronauts found that 47 had seen these flashes while on spaceflights‚ which were most often noticed before sleep‚ sometimes disturbing it."The light flashes predominantly appear white‚ have elongated shapes‚ and most interestingly‚ often come with a sense of motion‚" the study explains. "The motion is described as sideways‚ diagonal‚ or in-out‚ but never in the vertical direction."The flashes have long been believed to be caused by cosmic rays passing through astronauts' eyeballs‚ though the exact mechanism is still unclear‚ even after NASA conducted tests asking astronauts to wear an Apollo light flash moving emulsion detector (ALFMED) during the Apollo 16 and 17 missions.                The ALFMED can be seen in footage from Apollo 16."Flashes could be seen with the eyes open or closed when the spacecraft was dark. They discovered that it was not necessary to be dark adapted to see the flashes‚" NASA wrote following the experiment. "This indicates that Cerenkov radiation from energetic cosmic rays traversing the eyeball‚ which had been the most widely accepted explanation for the light flashes‚ probably did not cause all or most of the flashes because light from this source is quite faint. Some of the flashes observed in space may be caused by direct ionization interactions of cosmic rays with the retina."You get baby feetWithout the constant hassle of having to walk around‚ your feet get a well-earned break‚ but the downsides include dodging callouses floating around in your living quarters."The calluses on your feet in space will eventually fall off‚" astronaut Scott Kelly explained in a Reddit AMA. "So‚ the bottoms of your feet become very soft like newborn baby feet. But the top of my feet develop rough alligator skin because I use the top of my feet to get around here on space station when using foot rails."Your face gets puffy as your fluids go everywhereWe have evolved to live in gravity‚ and leaving it has a number of effects on your body."While on Earth‚ gravity causes most of the body’s fluids to be distributed below the heart. In contrast‚ living in space with less gravity allows fluids in the body to spread equally throughout the body‚" NASA explains. "When astronauts first travel into space‚ they feel as if they have a cold and their faces look puffy." Fortunately‚ this only lasts a few days.Your bones reabsorb into your body and your muscle mass reducesGoing to space and experiencing weightlessness from the freefall of the ISS for prolonged periods of time can leave your body with reduced muscle mass and bone tissue upon your return. The reason is pretty simple – your bones and muscles don't have to support your weight in weightless environments. "Weightlessness is cool‚" astronaut Chris Hadfield explained in a video for the Canadian Space Agency. "But it doesn't come for free. Without constant load on your body‚ you can get incredibly lazy. Your muscles will start dissolving. Your bones will start getting reabsorbed back into your body."To try and minimize this and remain strong enough to walk when they return to Earth's gravity‚ astronauts have to do space exercises‚ including being strapped to a space treadmill.           The effects don't last too long. Returning to Earth‚ astronauts just need to hit the gym for some time in order to regain their lost muscle mass and get back to their previous physical condition.You need to pee a lotAs the fluids shift around‚ many astronauts report not feeling thirsty."The body records this shift as an increase in blood volume‚" NASA explains. "The body takes care of this fluid shift by eliminating what it thinks are extra fluids as it would normally – that’s right – through the kidneys – resulting in visits to the restroom. Once this 'extra fluid' is flushed from the body‚ astronauts adjust to space and usually feel fine."