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This is one area I am trying to stock up on. Common nuts and bolts will be very valuable if the dollar loses its value. What are you stocking up on?

NASA is preparing to send humans back to the Moon with the Artemis missions in the next few years as part of the agency’s Moon to Mars Architecture with the long-term goal of landing humans on the Red Planet sometime in the 2030s or 2040s. But what about sending humans to other worlds of the Solar System? And‚ why not Venus? It’s closer to Earth than Mars by several tens of millions of kilometers‚ and despite its extremely harsh surface conditions‚ previous studies have suggested that life could exist in its clouds. In contrast‚ we have yet to find any signs of life anywhere on the Red Planet or in its thin atmosphere. So‚ should we send humans to Venus? “Yes‚ we should send humans to Venus‚” Dr. Paul Byrne‚ who is an Associate Professor of Earth‚ Environmental‚ and Planetary Sciences at Washington University in St. Louis‚ tells Universe Today. “But first‚ let’s talk about what ‘sending humans to Venus’ actually means. The surface of Venus is hellish‚ so nobody would last long there nor volunteer to go. Above the clouds‚ the temperature and pressure are almost like a nice spring day here on Earth‚ so aside from tiny sulphuric acid cloud droplets you’d be okay (with a breathing apparatus).” These “hellish” conditions that Dr. Byrne alludes to are the extreme conditions across the surface of Venus‚ including surface pressures 92 times that of Earth’s surface and average surface temperatures of approximately 464 degrees Celsius (867 degrees Fahrenheit). In contrast‚ Earth’s average surface temperatures are a calm 15 degrees Celsius (59 degrees Fahrenheit). These extreme pressures and temperatures have made landing on the surface of Venus even more difficult‚ as the former Soviet Union continues to be the only nation to have successfully landed on Venus’ surface‚ having accomplished this feat with several of their Venera and Vega missions. However‚ the longest mission duration for the lander was only 127 minutes (Venera 13)‚ which also conducted the first sound recording on another planet. Color images taken by the Soviet Union’s Venera 13 lander on the surface of Venus on March 1‚ 1982‚ with the lander surviving only 127 minutes due to Venus’s extreme surface conditions. (Credit: NASA) “If we were to send humans to Venus‚ they’d be going in a spacecraft that would fly by the planet en route somewhere else‚” Dr. Byrne tells Universe Today. “If we were to one day send humans actually to Venus itself for science and engineering purposes‚ then a cloud-based habitat is the way to go. Getting humans onto the Venus surface is going to require so much technology and expense that‚ for the foreseeable future‚ I don’t think anyone will think it worth doing.” A 2015 study presented at the AIAA Space and Astronautics Forum and Exposition outlined a NASA study for the High Altitude Venus Operational Concept (HAVOC) mission that would involve a 30-day crewed mission using an airship equipped with solar panels within the upper atmosphere of Venus. This is because Venus’ upper atmosphere at approximately 50 kilometers (30 miles) above the surface exhibits much more hospitable conditions‚ including temperatures between 30 to 70 degrees Celsius (86 to 158 degrees Fahrenheit) and pressures very close to that of Earth. However‚ Dr. Byrne refers to HAVOC as an “unbelievably expensive concept”. Artist rendition of proposed habitable airships traversing Venus’ atmosphere‚ which has been proposed as the High Altitude Venus Operational Concept (HAVOC) mission. (Credit: NASA) As for using Venus while en route to another location in the Solar System‚ Venus has been used on several occasions to slingshot spacecraft to the outer Solar System as well as for exploration of the inner Solar System‚ such as Mercury and the Sun. For example‚ NASA’s Galileo and Cassini spacecraft used gravity assists at Venus while en route to Jupiter and Saturn‚ respectively‚ while NASA’s MESSENGER and the European Space Agency’s (ESA) BepiColombo spacecraft used gravity assists at Venus while en route to Mercury. Additionally‚ NASA’s Parker Solar Probe and the ESA Solar Orbiter used gravity assists at Venus for orbital adjustments to explore the Sun. “Once within close proximity to Venus‚ astronauts could remotely operate spacecraft‚ landers‚ or even aircraft to conduct valuable science before moving out of range again‚” Dr. Byrne tells Universe Today. “But to be clear‚ the real value for such a mission would be as part of learning how to live and work in deep space en route to distant destinations‚ i.e.‚ Mars. That’s something I don’t think we’re talking enough about yet when we think about sending humans‚ one day‚ to the Red Planet.” Will we ever send humans to Venus? Will it be a cloud or surface mission‚ and what can we learn from doing it? Only time will tell‚ and this is why we science! As always‚ keep doing science &; keep looking up! The post Should We Send Humans to Venus? appeared first on Universe Today.

You’d think that something happening billions of light-years away wouldn’t affect Earth‚ right? Well‚ in 2002‚ a burst of gamma rays lasting 800 seconds actually impacted our planet. They came from a powerful and very distant supernova explosion. Its gamma-ray bombardment disturbed our planet’s ionosphere and activated lightning detectors in India. This particular gamma-ray burst (GRB) occurred in a galaxy almost 2 billion light-years away (and took two billion years to reach us). Not only did ground-based detectors record the bombardment‚ but satellites sensitive to high-energy outbursts “saw” it‚ too. That included the European Space Agency’s International Gamma-Ray Astrophysics Laboratory (INTEGRAL) mission. It typically records gamma-ray bursts on a daily basis‚ but this one—named GRB 221009A—outshone all the rest. GRBs this strong happen (on average) about once every 10‚000 years‚ so this was one that caught everyone’s attention. “It was probably the brightest gamma-ray burst we have ever detected‚” says Mirko Piersanti‚ University of L’Aquila‚ Italy‚ and lead author of a paper analyzing the event. How The Gamma-ray Burst Affected the Ionosphere Most of the time‚ radiation from the Sun bombards our planet. That’s often strong enough to affect the ionosphere. That’s an atmospheric layer that bristles with electrically charged gases called plasma. It stretches from around 50 km to 950 km in altitude above the surface. There’s a “top-side ionosphere” (which lies above 350 km) and a “bottom-side ionosphere”) which lies below that. Scientists are pretty familiar with how the Sun treats this region of the atmosphere‚ particularly during periods of heavy solar activity. GRB 221009A: looking back through time at a gamma-ray-burst. Courtesy ESA This GRB blast triggered instruments generally reserved for studying the immense explosions in the Sun’s atmosphere known as solar flares. “Notably‚ this disturbance impacted the very lowest layers of Earth’s ionosphere‚ situated just tens of kilometers above our planet’s surface‚ leaving an imprint comparable to that of a major solar flare‚” says Laura Hayes‚ research fellow and solar physicist at ESA. That imprint basically was an increase in ionization in the bottom-side ionosphere. It left an imprint in low-frequency radio signals that move between Earth’s surface and the lowest levels of the ionosphere. “Essentially‚ we can say that the ionosphere ‘moved’ down to lower altitudes‚ and we detected this in how the radio waves bounce along the ionosphere‚” explained Laura. Gamma Ray Bursts in the Data Past GRBs bothered the bottom-side ionosphere but didn’t always disturb the topside. Scientists just assumed that by the time it reached Earth‚ the blast from a GRB didn’t have the “oomph” to change that part of the ionosphere. GRB 221009A proved that idea wrong. Thanks to data from the orbiting China Seismo-Electromagnetic Satellite (CSES)‚ scientists saw a strong disturbance in the upper ionosphere. It created a strong electric field variation and was the first time scientists saw this connected to a GRB. The result is the first-ever top-side ionospheric measurement of electric field variations triggered by a gamma-ray outburst at cosmic distances. INTEGRAL and other spacecraft continually record GRBs from around the Universe. Have they all affected our ionosphere in some way? Is there a way to find out? Now that scientists know what ionospheric effects to look for‚ they can search the data to find answers. Data from INTEGRAL‚ and CSES will be particularly useful. They should be able to correlate it with other GRBs seen since 2018. That’s when CSES was launched. Evidence of ionospheric disturbances from GRBs goes back as far as 1988. That’s when the effects of a 1983 gamma-ray burst were first reported. Scientists now have an array of ground-based and space-based detectors—such as Swift‚ Fermi‚ MAXI‚ AGILE‚ INTEGRAL‚ and CSES—gave strong detections of the emissions from GRB221009A. Implications for Future GRB Effects on Earth This kind of disturbance from a very distant event poses a question: what would happen if such an explosion happened “closer to home”? A supernova in our own galaxy‚ for example‚ releasing a huge burst of gamma rays‚ could very well “reach out and touch” Earth in a drastic way. “There has been a great debate about the possible consequences of a gamma-ray burst in our own galaxy‚” says Mirko Piersanti. For one thing‚ a close-by and strong GRB would have drastic effects on our ionosphere‚ much stronger than a typical solar flare. It could also do some significant damage to the ozone layer (which provides a protective shield against radiation from the Sun). That would allow a lot more ultraviolet (UV) to reach the surface than we’re accustomed to experiencing. It’s possible (although not proven) that some of Earth’s past extinction events could be related to an increase in UV radiation on the surface. Gamma-ray Bursters and Extinctions Earth’s ozone layer is a first-line defense mechanism against radiation‚ which is why people stopped using gases such as chlorofluorocarbons. They were destroying the ozone layer‚ allowing in more UV radiation. This affected the atmosphere as well as people‚ plants‚ and animals. At least one research paper looked at ozone depletion by GRBs by studying what happens over the polar regions. Increased UV radiation produces changes in the middle atmosphere‚ including the creation of ground-level ozone‚ which can damage life in high concentrations. A burst that sent radiation into the south polar regions is suggested as one reason that the Ordovician extinction happened around 445 million years ago. An estimated 85 percent of species alive at that time were wiped out. If a nearby GRB was involved‚ that might explain the Ordovician event and may offer insight into other mass extinctions. It’s not far-fetched to think that some of them may have had cosmic triggers. Those could have affected life on Earth more powerfully than the two-billion-year-old bombardment from GRB 221009A. For More Information Blast from the Past: Gamma-ray Burst Strikes Earth from Distant Exploding StarEvidence of an Upper Ionospheric Electric Field Perturbation Correlated with a Gamma Ray BurstHow Deadly Would a Gamma-ray Burst Be? The post A Gamma-ray Burst Disturbed the Earth’s Ionosphere appeared first on Universe Today.

Hold onto your satellites‚ we're in for a ride!

by James Roguski‚ James Roguski: There is less than one week left for heads of state around the world to exhibit the courage needed to send a simple letter to the WHO to REJECT the amendments that were adopted on May 27‚ 2022. TRUTH LIVES on at https://sgtreport.tv/ Many thanks to Kerry Lambert and Chris Scott […]

by Bianca Gonzalez‚ Activist Post: Fraud trends for 2023 reveal where fraudsters are focusing their efforts as well as what tools are on the rise to fight against attackers. Non-regulated entities are becoming more susceptible to fraud attacks as companies in regulated industries work to meet certain security requirements in order to comply with regulatory […]

from OPERATION FREEDOM: TRUTH LIVES on at https://sgtreport.tv/

by Michael Snyder‚ End Of The American Dream: Why are so many children all over the world suddenly developing pneumonia?  For the moment‚ health authorities are telling us that there is no reason to be alarmed.  They are telling us that all of these cases of pneumonia are being caused by the flu‚ RSV and […]