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In 1960‚ Dr. Frank Drake led the first Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence (SETI) experiment at the National Radio Astronomy Observatory in Green Bank‚ West Virginia. In the more than sixty years that have since passed‚ astronomers have conducted multiple surveys in search of technological activity (aka. technosignatures). To date‚ Breakthrough Listen is the most ambitious SETI experiment‚ combining data from the Robert C. Byrd Green Bank Telescope‚ the Parkes Murriyang Telescope‚ the Automated Planet Finder‚ and the MeerKAT Radio Telescope and advanced analytics. The program includes a survey of the one million closest stars to Earth‚ the center of our galaxy and the entire galactic plane‚ and the 100 closest galaxies to ours. In a recent paper‚ members of Breakthrough Listen presented the results of their radio technosignature search of the centers of 97 nearby galaxies observed by the Robert C. Byrd Green Bank Telescope. This search was one of the largest and broadestsearches for radio evidence of extraterrestrial intelligence ever undertaken‚ surveying trillions of stars at four frequency bands. Unfortunately‚ no compelling candidates were found. The team was led by Carmen Choza‚ an Assistant Researcher with the SETI Institute and a Berkeley SETI Research Center Intern with Breakthrough Listen. She was joined by colleagues from Breakthrough Listen and the SETI Institute and researchers from the Institute of Space Sciences and Astronomy at the University of Malta‚ the International Centre for Radio Astronomy Research (ICRAR) at Curtin University‚ and the Green Bank Observatory (GBO). The paper that details their findings‚ “The Breakthrough Listen Search for Intelligent Life: Technosignature Search of 97 Nearby Galaxies‚” recently appeared in The Astronomical Journal. Sky map of galaxy targets. The colored squares indicate whether the full source is covered by the GBT beam at all four bands (see Table 1)‚ three bands‚ two‚ one‚ or none. Credit: Choza‚ C. et al (2023) As they indicate in their study‚ the experiment by Choza and her colleagues consisted of a narrowband Doppler drift search at four frequencies (1.1-2.7 GHz and 4.0-11.2 GHz) of 97 galaxy centers. These galaxies were part of a previous Breakthrough Listen survey (conducted in 2017) of 123 nearby galaxies that represented a complete sample of morphological types (i.e.‚ spirals‚ ellipticals‚ dwarf spherioidals‚ and irregulars). This approach breaks with most traditional SETI surveys‚ in that it did not focus on individual stars or setllar clusters. As Choza told Universe Today via email: “When searching for life out there in the Universe‚ we expect that it would form on planets like it did on ours. Many previous studies have focused on one star at a time‚ often stars that have known planets around them. The stellar densities we can target by aiming for the galaxy centers means we can search millions of stars‚ and potentially millions of stellar systems with planets‚ for the chance at finding a signal. “Galaxies allow us to cast an immense net‚ with the catch that the signal would need to be more powerful than any signal current human technology could generate. Therefore‚ targeting galaxies allows us to search for civilizations far more technologically advanced than humankind. Although civilizations capable of producing such a signal might be vanishingly rare‚ a successful detection would be profoundly heartening–it would mean there is a definitive chance for humankind to gain far greater levels of technology than it now possesses without collapsing. All data for this experiment was gathered by the 100-meter Green Bank Telescope (GBT) located at the GBO in West Virginia. The team selected the GBT because its backend allows for the storage and analysis of greater volumes of SETI data than was ever before possible. Morever‚ GBT observations employ a “cadence” strategy‚ where targets in the sample are observed for five minutes‚ and then an offset location is observed several beamwidths from the target. This pattern is repeated three times with three separate offset locations (each of which is observed for 5 minutes)‚ resulting in a 30-minute ABACAD cadence. Each cadence was then analyzed using the turboSETI pipeline’s to search for linearly-chirped narrowband Doppler-drifting signals. “This search targets narrowband‚ drifting technosignatures; that is‚ signals a few Hz wide that show frequency drift‚ indicating that the transmitter is accelerating relative to the Earth‚” said Choza. “If it drifts‚ it’s from elsewhere‚ whether that means satellites in orbit‚ Voyager sailing through space far away‚ or a transmitter on a distant planet. We choose a drift rate of -4 Hz/s to 4 Hz/s to search a range of accelerations one might expect from transmitters located on real exoplanets.” Artist’s impression of a Dyson Sphere‚ an proposed alien megastructure that is the target of SETI surveys. Credit: Breakthrough Listen / Danielle Futselaar Moreover‚ the team established constraints on the data to too look for possible transmitters with the equivalent isotropic radiated power of 1026 W – or 10‚000 zetawatts (ZW)! As Choza explained‚ this power level was chosen because it corresponds to the theoretical power consumption of a civilization capable of harnessing all the energy of its star system – i.e.‚ a Type II Civilization on the Kardashev Scale: “With a well-characterized instrument like the Green Bank Telescope and some assumptions about the signals we’re searching for‚ we can calculate the minimum power an isotropic signal – that is‚ a signal broadcasting out in all directions into the universe – would have to transmit with in order for us to be able to detect it. For the furthest galaxies in our sample‚ our search could detect a hypothetical beacon transmitting with power on the order of 1026 Watts – similar to the full power output of the Sun. A Kardashev Type II civilization‚ theorized to be able to capture the full power resources of a host star‚ could theoretically construct a beacon of sufficient scale to communicate across intergalactic distances.” In the end‚ the team obtained 1‚519 candidate signals that were not attributable to radio frequency interference. Upon algorithmic processing‚ correlation of signal characteristics with known RFI populations‚ and extensive visual inspection‚ they found no compelling evidence of technosignatures. However‚ this latest survey was groundbreaking in many ways and will have significant implications for SETI research going forward. As Choza explained‚ it’s important to maximize the field of view when searching for rare signals and to rigorously account for foreground and background sources: “This survey represents a landmark in the completion of the Breakthrough Listen mission’s original search goals‚ and complements searches of nearby individual stars for lower-power transmitters‚ given that we don’t know how numerous or bright extraterrestrial transmitters might be‚ it also serves as an inflection point in the development of new search methods to improve and re-analyze previous searches. We place the deepest constraints to date on the presence of technosignatures in nearby galaxies.” “This paper is the culmination of a year’s worth of effort and the contributions of many authors to improving Breakthrough Listen methods and driving technosignature science forward towards ever-deeper constraints and ever-greater numbers of star systems. The program has been an amazing way to get young people involved in science‚ myself included‚ and some of the most exciting papers coming out of the collaboration are spearheaded by graduate students‚ postbacs‚ or interns!” These results could also help inform future searches by Breakthrough Listen‚ including the planned observations of our own galactic center‚ a sample of nearly two thousand nearby stars‚ and another sample of galaxies observable from the Southern hemisphere using the Parkes Murriyang Telescope. Further Reading: arXiv The post Breakthrough Listen Scans Entire Galaxies for Signals From Extremely Advanced Civilizations appeared first on Universe Today.

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Boston Mayor Michelle Wu remains unapologetic for her decision to host a holiday party on Wednesday at which only “electeds of color” were welcome. “I am honored to be a part of this group‚” she told the media outside Parkman House‚ the city-owned building where the party was held. “It is a long-standing affinity group that has grown in recent years here in Boston‚ Massachusetts.” READ MORE from Ellie Gardey: Shane Dawson and Ryland Adams’ Use of Surrogacy Showcases the Practice’s Grotesqueness Wu’s only admission of fault for the racially segregated party was for the fact that her aide‚ Denise DosSantos‚ unintentionally invited white members of Boston’s City Council to the party before subsequently uninviting them on account of their race. “It was one of those emails that we’ve all sent at one point or another‚” Wu said‚ smiling. Frank Baker‚ a member of city council who was excluded from the party because he is white‚ voiced his displeasure with Wu’s party. “I do find it divisive‚ but what are you going to do about it. You don’t want me at a party‚ I’m not going to come to a party‚” Baker told WHDH. Wu’s failure to recognize the inherent problem with a holiday party that specially excludes people of a certain race is completely in line with how she usually conducts herself. She has long been a radical racial activist who employs the divisive framework that categorizes people as either “oppressors” or “oppressed.” After the death of George Floyd‚ Wu‚ at the time a member of Boston’s City Council and a mayoral candidate‚ undertook a mission to “demilitarize” the city’s police force in the name of racial justice. This involved taking away the police department’s means of using force. On her mayoral campaign website‚ Wu stated: “It is all too clear that our city’s public safety structures have not kept all of us safe‚ particularly our Black residents. We must take concrete steps to dismantle racism in law enforcement by demilitarizing the police‚ banning weapons like tear gas and rubber bullets and practices like no-knock warrants that endanger our residents of color.” She later asserted‚ “We don’t need that equipment; we need resources for community-building &; peace.” In 2020‚ Wu‚ along with seven other members of Boston’s City Council‚ signed a letter calling on the city’s then-mayor‚ Marty Walsh‚ to decrease the budget for the police force by 10 percent. Walsh’s decision to divert $12 million from the police force’s overtime budget into programs such as mental health services as well as economic development initiatives for minorities wasn’t enough for Wu. “It’s not a real change‚” she complained. “Contractually‚ the city is obligated to pay for every hour of overtime work‚ no matter what the budget says is the line item for overtime pay.” As a result‚ Wu refused to vote for the proposed budget. Wu is also a proponent of inserting racial ideologies into the classroom. During her mayoral campaign‚ she called for “embedding anti-racism in the fabric of our schools.” She explained that “[o]ur system should be structured and led by anti-racist policies that undermine structural inequities rather than perpetuate them.” (READ MORE from Ellie Gardey: Backlash Against Harvard’s Claudine Gay Is Indictment of ‘Diversity‚ Equity‚ and Inclusion’) As mayor‚ Wu created a “Task Force on Reparations.” The purpose of the task force is to “[p]rovid[e] recommendations to the Mayor for reparative justice solutions for Black residents.” In announcing the task force‚ Wu said‚ “[W]e’re grateful to all those who refuse to give up the fight for justice‚ who have understood and continue to push that there is no statute of limitations on addressing wrongs that we have the ability to make right.” In addition‚ Wu’s no-whites-allowed holiday party is not the first time that she has been overtly dismissive of white people. Just this year‚ Wu joked‚ “I’m getting used to dealing with problems that are expensive‚ disruptive‚ and white.” The remark related to the fact that she had been sued by Italian restaurant owners for requiring exorbitant fees for outdoor dining permits in Boston’s North End‚ a predominantly white area‚ but not in regions of the city where the majority is non-white. Wu’s no-whites party comes at a time of reckoning for the ideology of “diversity‚ equity‚ and inclusion‚” especially in the greater Boston area. The president of Wu’s alma mater‚ Harvard’s Claudine Gay‚ has been subject to intense backlash over her refusal to definitely say that calling for genocide against the Jewish community would be against the university’s rules. This has prompted an examination of the school’s racial ideology‚ which is rooted in critical race theory. Wu’s happy endorsement of racial segregation shows her total devotion to Harvard’s cause — and the perniciousness that can emerge when a university espouses such an ideology. There’s no word on whether Wu’s husband‚ who is white‚ was allowed to come to the party. The post Michelle Wu‚ Blasted for No-Whites-Allowed Holiday Party‚ Has Long History of Radical Racial Activism appeared first on The American Spectator | USA News and Politics.

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