Over the years, intelligence quotient tests, or IQ tests, have been seen as a way to quantify a person’s brainpower. In general terms, the higher a person’s IQ, the more intelligent they are. Naturally, this has sparked conversations about who has the highest IQ in the world — and whether that individual should be considered the smartest person in the world. Famed physicist Albert Einstein’s name often comes up in conversations like these. He had an estimated IQ of 160, but that is not the highest IQ ever recorded. In fact, there are several child prodigies who have scored higher than Einstein. And public figures like Marilyn vos Savant and Christopher Langan have also been hailed as the world’s smartest people. Click here to view slideshow Of course, IQ tests do have limitations and many have questioned whether or not they should be used as a determination of a person's intellect. There is also a dark history behind some IQ tests, as they have been used in the past to discriminate against people belonging to certain racial and ethnic groups. What's more, both the reliability and efficacy of IQ tests have frequently been called into question. Some experts have suggested that they may be less an indicator of intelligence and more an indicator of a person's motivational level, quality of schooling, health status, and other variables. That said, it's fascinating to read the true stories behind the people with the highest IQs in the world. Learn about these individuals in the photo gallery above, then read more about the complicated history of IQ testing below. The Creation Of The First IQ Test In the late 1800s and the early 1900s, a great deal of interest was stirring in the scientific community regarding research on intelligence. Early works on the subject were published by Sir Francis Galton, the founder of differential psychology, who believed that intelligence was hereditary and could be determined by observing how a person performed sensorimotor tasks. According to Verywell Mind, these tasks involve the human brain receiving a message, and then producing a response (like slowing down after you see someone in front of you slowing down). Galton, an English polymath, often used statistics while explaining how to measure a person's intelligence. Public DomainAlfred Binet, the French psychologist who developed the first IQ test, known as the Binet-Simon Scale. Around the turn of the century, a French lawyer-turned-psychologist named Alfred Binet became fascinated by Galton's work. He too began research into the development of tests to measure intelligence, which were put to wide-scale use in 1904 when the French government enlisted Binet's help to try and determine which children would struggle the most in school. Binet and his colleague Theodore Simon then created a test comprised of a series of questions focused on skills such as attention and problem-solving — not necessarily skills that were taught in classrooms, but skills that could possibly affect a child's ability to learn. This 30-question test became known as the Binet-Simon Scale, the first officially recognized IQ test. The Evolution Of Testing Intelligence Over time, the Binet-Simon Scale was improved upon — first by Stanford University psychologist Lewis Terman, who standardized the test and used two scales of measurement in his revision, rather than one, to provide more accurate results. He also translated the test into English in 1916. A year later, psychologist Robert Yerkes developed two IQ tests for the U.S. Army, the Alpha and Beta tests. The Alpha test was a written exam, while the Beta test was made up of pictures for recruits who couldn't read or who weren't fluent in English. Both tests were designed to help the Army determine which recruits might be good fits for specific roles in the military. Unfortunately, IQ tests like these were also used to screen immigrants entering the United States, which led government officials to impose discriminatory restrictions on groups who supposedly had "inferior" IQs. Public DomainPsychologist David Wechsler, who published a new intelligence test in 1955 called the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale. Then, in 1955, American psychologist David Wechsler created a new intelligence test known as the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS). Wechsler strongly believed that intelligence should be measured by comparing the scores of test takers within the same age group. Several revisions were made to Wechsler's system, eventually evolving into the WAIS-IV, which is the modern standard for intelligence testing. Using this standard, the average score is fixed at 100, with two-thirds of test takers landing somewhere in the normal range of between 85 and 115. Today, when we look at candidates for the highest IQ ever recorded, this is generally the scale that we're using (or an estimate that's based on this scale). In theory, the higher a person's score, the more intelligent they are — though this has also been called into question over the years. Who Has The Highest IQ In The World? Even with the standardization of IQ tests and the numerous revisions made to them over time, it's still not quite so simple to identify the highest IQ ever. There are, of course, people whose scores extend upwards into the high 100s and even into the 200s, but shockingly, some of the world's smartest people have much lower scores than you might expect. Albert Einstein, for example, is widely regarded as one of the most brilliant minds in all of history, yet his IQ was only estimated to be around 160 — still well above the average, but not a forerunner for the highest IQ in the world. And Stephen Hawking's IQ has been estimated to be the same number. You'd be hard pressed to find anyone arguing that Einstein and Hawking were unintelligent, of course, but from a purely statistical viewpoint, their estimated scores pale in comparison to the scores of William James Sidis and Marilyn vos Savant. Sidis was a child prodigy with an estimated IQ of anywhere between 250 and 300; Savant's IQ has been recorded as 228. Public DomainAlbert Einstein's IQ was never officially tested, but some sources have estimated his IQ to be around 160. But IQ tests are not a perfect measure of intelligence. Critics have often called them "fundamentally flawed," and the discussion also raises the question of what, exactly, it means to be one of the world's smartest people. Take Christopher Langan, for example. Langan's IQ falls somewhere between 195 and 210, leading some to call him the "smartest man in the world." However, Langan also happens to be a September 11th conspiracy theories and a believer in the white replacement theory who, in 2018, wrote a Facebook obituary after Koko the gorilla's death, then asserted that Western countries should admit gorillas as immigrants instead of Somalis, claiming that gorillas are more intelligent. Because of this, some have called him "Alex Jones with a thesaurus." Langan is an unusual example, but one that highlights the flaws of using IQ tests as a determiner of the smartest people in the world. The "Fundamentally Flawed" Nature Of IQ Tests As a report from The Independent explains, a 2012 study found that IQ tests fail to accurately represent the complex nature of human intellect. "The results disprove once and for all the idea that a single measure of intelligence, such as IQ, is enough to capture all of the differences in cognitive ability that we see between people," said Roger Highfield, the director of external affairs at the Science Museum in London. Researchers analyzed a sample of 46,000 individuals from around the world who filled out an online survey where they were asked to complete 12 mental tests to measure different aspects of their cognitive ability. In the end, they determined that no single measure of intelligence could represent the variations seen among the three distinct components of cognitive ability: short-term memory, a verbal component, and reasoning. "It has always seemed to be odd that we like to call the human brain the most complex known object in the Universe, yet many of us are still prepared to accept that we can measure brain function by doing a few so-called IQ tests," Highfield said. "For a century or more many people have thought that we can distinguish between people, or indeed populations, based on the idea of general intelligence which is often talked about in terms of a single number: IQ. We have shown here that's just wrong." Does this mean IQ tests are completely useless? Not necessarily. But they shouldn't be used alone to determine the smartest people in the world. After reading about some of the people with the highest IQs in the world, learn about these 15 interesting people that history forgot. Or, check out these photos of history's biggest musicians just before their rise to stardom. The post 27 Geniuses With The Highest IQs In History And The Surprising True Stories Behind Them appeared first on All That's Interesting.

Newsilver95/Wikimedia CommonsA recreation of the legendary arcade game Polybius. For decades, rumors have circulated of a strange game that supposedly appeared in several arcades around Portland, Oregon, in 1981. It was so unsettling that it allegedly caused seizures, hallucinations, and even mysterious disappearances. The game was called Polybius. Although there is no concrete proof of the video game’s existence, the Polybius urban legend has survived for more than 40 years. But unlike similar myths, the story isn’t just about a lost game or a forgotten developer. The tale involves government experiments, psychological manipulation, and “men in black” who collected players’ data. As the theory goes, what appeared to be an ordinary arcade game was anything but. Something sinister was hiding inside. The Urban Legend Of The Polybius Game In the early 1980s, arcades were a perpetual hub of teenage activity. Kids crowded into rooms full of cabinet machines with games like Pac-Man, Donkey Kong, and Asteroids. Then, rumors of a new game started to spread, and it quickly earned a reputation for all the wrong reasons. Public DomainThe alleged intro screen of Polybius. According to legend, Polybius appeared suddenly in Portland arcades in 1981. The cabinet was plain and black, but the screen was alive with graphics that formed smooth, hypnotic lines and geometric shapes shifting at rapid speeds. Players reported that the game was simple yet deeply immersive, drawing them in with an intensity unlike any other arcade experience. Many said it was addictive in a way that went beyond normal competition. It seemed as if it were engineered to make them keep pressing the start button. The Polybius arcade game took its name from the Greek historian Polybius, who lived in the second century B.C.E. He is best known for creating the Polybius square, a method of encoding Greek letters into numbers to send secret messages. Was his modern namesake concealing something equally cryptic? Jona Lendering/Museum of Roman CivilizationA plaster cast of a relief from a stele unearthed in Greece in 1880 that’s believed to depict the historian Polybius. There are claims that the Polybius game contained subliminal content. Flashing messages allegedly appeared spontaneously on the screen. They were hard to notice but were said to affect players’ minds, pulling them into obsession or distress. The stories surrounding Polybius quickly escalated. Teenagers reportedly developed migraines, nausea, and dizziness after extended gaming sessions. Common complaints included insomnia, vivid nightmares of flashing lights and abstract shapes, and even seizures triggered by the intense graphics. Other players supposedly reported memory loss and a creeping sense of dread that lingered long after leaving the arcade. The most extreme accounts claimed that kids collapsed at the machine — and some even disappeared after becoming obsessed. Then, as quickly as it had appeared, the game vanished. ‘Men In Black’ And Government Conspiracies The Polybius urban legend took a darker turn with reports of officials in black suits visiting arcades around Portland. Witnesses supposedly stated that the mysterious men didn’t play or repair the game — they simply inspected the arcade cabinets. In fact, they seemed to be government agents who observed players’ reactions and collected data. Shortly after these “men in black” were spotted, Polybius machines could no longer be found anywhere in the area. In the decades since, rumors have spread that the men were CIA agents who planted Polybius in arcades as part of MK-Ultra, the U.S. government’s secretive Cold War mind-control program. Proponents of this theory pointed to the game’s title screen, which reportedly listed the developer as “Sinneslöschen,” a German term that translates to “sense delete” or “sensory deprivation.” Polybius wasn’t entertainment, they claimed, but rather an experiment. Alonsitis Duff/YouTubeA screenshot from a video claiming to show the gameplay of Polybius. It turns out that government agents were active in Portland arcades at the time. In 1981, the FBI seized game cabinets that had been turned into illegal gambling machines. Ahead of the raid, they examined the cabinets to see if they’d been tampered with and wrote down the names of the top scorers listed on the screen to contact them as potential witnesses. However, there’s no evidence that they investigated a game called Polybius — or that it ever existed at all. Did The Polybius Game Really Exist? Just like the stories of the “men in black” stemmed from real events, so did rumors of a video game that had bizarre effects on players. In 1981, two Portland teens became ill after marathon gaming sessions. One boy reportedly suffered a migraine after playing Tempest and collapsed in a stranger’s yard. Another played Asteroids for 28 hours straight while trying to break a record and started experiencing intense stomach pain. John Sunderland/The Denver Post via Getty ImagesBoys look on as their friend plays an arcade game. 1981. The following year, 18-year-old Peter Bukowski dropped dead while playing Berserk. As reported by The Albuquerque Tribune at the time, he had a heart attack brought on by “myocardial inflammation.” These events startled parents in the new age of video games. Many were already skeptical of their impacts on developing minds and concerned that children would become addicted. Much like the “Satanic Panic” of the decade, these worries conflated into a tale of a much larger boogeyman. Over the years, all of these unrelated events melded into the single Polybius urban legend. Indeed, there’s no evidence that Polybius existed at all. It was never mentioned in trade magazines, catalogs, or newspaper reports from the time. In fact, the earliest reference to the game came from the website coinop.org in 1998. The post included an alleged image of the title screen but little other confirmation that the arcade game was real. Otherwise, the first known written mention of Polybius didn’t appear until a September 2003 issue of GamePro magazine. The publication outlined the theory surrounding the game, ending with: “Unfortunately, the main thing that’s missing is proof.” GameProThe 2003 article in GamePro magazine that covered the Polybius urban legend. In 2006, a commenter on coinop.org claimed to have worked for the company that allegedly developed the Polybius game. He said that he and his colleagues were unaware of the machine’s mind-altering effects. While the website later debunked the comment, the man’s story only fueled the mythology. In the years since, independent developers have released games under the name Polybius. Replica machines were built, online videos circulated of fake gameplay, and references appeared in TV shows and documentaries. However, no authentic Polybius game cabinet has ever surfaced, and the original code has never been recovered. The entire story is almost certainly a fabrication, but Polybius lives on as one of the most mysterious digital myths of our time. After reading about the legend of the Polybius game, go inside 13 of the most terrifying games ever made. Then, look through 44 photos that capture the height of Pokémania. The post The 1980s Arcade Game Polybius Was Said To Cause Hallucinations In Players — But Did It Ever Exist? appeared first on All That's Interesting.

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