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by Leo Hohmann, Leo’s Newsletter: Warning signs and words of caution for thinking conservatives as we head into Trump 2.0 I said it in 2016, and I will say it again. We must hold this incoming Trump administration fully accountable or we as conservatives will end up with little or nothing of lasting value. I […]

  Many people think of the American Civil War as a battle of might and wits between two generals: the South’s Robert E. Lee and the North’s Ulysses S. Grant. Their actual struggle against each other did not begin until May 1864, after Grant was transferred to the Eastern Theater of the war and made general-in-chief of Union armies. The Battle of the Wilderness was the first of many Lee-vs-Grant battles.   Victory Claimed by Confederacy, but Likely Inconclusive A photograph of the Wilderness region of Virginia near the location where Confederate General “Stonewall” Jackson was mortally wounded in 1863. Source: Virginia Humanities   The Battle of the Wilderness was a massive engagement that opened the final, and perhaps most brutal, phase of the American Civil War. Ulysses S. Grant, the new general-in-chief of all Union armies, had a simple mission: attack Confederate general Robert E. Lee and Lee’s vaunted Army of Northern Virginia wherever it was. This army defended the Confederate capital of Richmond, Virginia and had defeated all previous Union attempts to seize the city. Defeating Lee’s Army of Northern Virginia would end the war.   Between May 5 and May 7, 1864, Grant’s massive Army of the Potomac clashed with the Army of Northern Virginia in territory that had seen multiple previous battles. The densely forested terrain in Virginia, known as the Wilderness, saw brutal fighting as both sides often stumbled into each other. Despite a strong start on May 5, Grant saw his offensive worn down by Lee’s skillful defense. Ultimately, Grant did not defeat Lee, giving the Confederates a chance to claim victory, but neither did Grant withdraw. Grant’s refusal to withdraw leaves many to call the battle inconclusive.   Timeline of the Battle of the Wilderness A map showing the locations of fighting between May 5 and May 7, 1864 during the Battle of the Wilderness. Source: Library of Congress   By May 2, 1864, Confederate General Robert E. Lee knew that the Union’s Army of the Potomac was about to go on the offensive. He figured that another attack on Richmond was underway. This time, the Union forces were under the command of an aggressive new general-in-chief: Ulysses S. Grant. Lee quickly spread out his forces to be ready to intercept Grant no matter which way the Union general chose to march.   On May 4, the Army of the Potomac crossed into Virginia.   Just before dawn on May 5, the first Union cavalry regiments encountered Confederate infantry marching into position in the Wilderness region. Grant had tried to march through this thickly wooded territory to surprise Lee but had been caught.   Real fighting began later that morning, and an afternoon Union attack surprised Lee, who had wished to avoid a general engagement thus far.   By about 9:00 PM, the Union attack had been halted just short of a breakthrough.   Fierce fighting resumed that next morning, May 6, with another Union attack. Confederate general James Longstreet responded with a counterattack, and fighting raged throughout the day, most of it inconclusive.   By the morning of May 7, Grant decided to continue moving his army south rather than attack against strongly-constructed Confederate defenses. This would lead immediately to the Battle of Spotsylvania Court House.   What Caused the Battle of the Wilderness? A Harper’s Weekly Magazine image of the Union advance during the Battle of the Wilderness. Source: Dickinson College   Ulysses S. Grant knew he needed to change the Union’s tactics for fighting the Confederacy. Previous attempts to take Richmond had been repulsed, but the Army of the Potomac’s withdrawal always gave the Confederates ample time to rest and build more defensive positions. Although a war of attrition would be painful, it would be more harmful to the South than to the North. Thus, Grant embarked on this new strategy in May 1864 and planned to continue until he had battered his way into Richmond. Grant thought, incorrectly, that taking his army through the woods would prevent its detection until he could fight the Confederates on open ground and use his artillery advantage.   For his part, Lee knew that he had to attack while the Army of the Potomac was still mired in the Wilderness. Outnumbered two-to-one, Lee risked a solid defeat if he allowed Grant to reach open ground and make use of his cannons. Hoping to use a similar strategy as at the Battle of Chancellorsville a year earlier, Lee wanted to send a few divisions forward to pin the Army of Potomac in place while other divisions struck suddenly from the sides. Unfortunately for Lee, the thick woods of the Wilderness would hinder his own troops as well during the fighting.   Why Was the Battle of the Wilderness Significant? The title page of a collection of maps of the Battle of the Wilderness, revealing the tremendous size of the engagement. Source: Library of Congress   The battle was significant because it marked the opening of a war of attrition in Virginia. Grant would not give the enemy time to regroup, marking a tremendous shift in strategy from previous years. Time had been on the Confederacy’s side after previous engagements, with the South able to build more defenses. Although the South had limited manpower and could not sustain losses as easily as the North, the administration of Union President Abraham Lincoln faced political pressure to end the war as the months dragged on. A weary Northern public would not accept a “forever war” against the South.   Secondly, the Battle of the Wilderness was one of the largest battles of the war. Roughly 100,000 Union troops faced just over 60,000 Confederates, resulting in about 30,000 total casualties. After three years of combat, this was a painful addition to the already war-ravaged Union and Confederacy. Thus, Grant had incentive to push on and try to finish the war quickly—the voters in the North would not stand for these mounting casualties for long without clear signs of progress. Fortunately, Union victories further south, such as Sherman’s March to the Sea in Georgia, helped give Lincoln some political breathing room.   5 Facts About the Battle of the Wilderness A photograph of Confederate general James Longstreet, who was wounded by friendly fire during the confusing battle and exited the war for five months. Source: Virginia Humanities   1. Casualties Casualties during the Battle of the Wilderness totaled some 30,000 men, with roughly 17,000 from the Union and 13,000 from the Confederacy. These numbers have been disputed, with some arguing that Grant lost twice as many men as Lee. Regardless, even at a two-to-one ratio, the North could better handle the losses than the ailing South.   2. Commanders Union forces were led by General Ulysses S. Grant, though Major General Gouverneur K. Warren directed most of the fighting on May 5. An engineer and topographer by training, Warren was an 1850 graduate of West Point. Warren’s topography skills helped the Union in the Battle of Gettysburg, for which Warren was promoted. Later, Warren was relieved of his command by General Philip Sheridan, and a feud lasted until an 1879 inquiry found that Sheridan’s action was unjustified.   Confederate forces were led by general Robert E. Lee. His most prominent field commander during the battle was lieutenant general James Longstreet, whose counterattack on May 6 helped save the Confederates from defeat. Longstreet was a West Pointer who served in the Mexican-American War and resigned from the US Army upon the outbreak of the Civil War. Unlike most colleagues, Longstreet openly questioned some of Lee’s decisions and later joined the Republican Party and worked with the Grant administration during post-war Reconstruction.   3. Number of Forces Involved A map showing location of Confederate (solid line) and Union (hollow lines) positions at the May 1864 Battle of the Wilderness in Virginia. Source: Son of the South   Under Grant and Lee, over 160,000 men fought in the Wilderness. About 100,000 of these were Union soldiers in the Army of the Potomac, and about 62,000 were Confederates in the Army of Northern Virginia. Due to the densely-forested terrain, it is difficult to determine how many men were engaged in fighting at any given time, or how many casualties truly occurred.   4. Visiting the Wilderness Region of Virginia Today Today, visitors can see sites of the Battle of the Wilderness as part of the Fredericksburg & Spotsylvania Military Park in Virginia. They can engage in a driving tour with audio guidance, though some of it is on regularly used public roads. There is a specific outdoor battlefield exhibit for the Wilderness, which is accessible on a hiking trail. Many historic farms are part of the tour, representing locations where soldiers rested during the battle.   5. Trivia: One of Confederacy’s Best Generals Hit by Friendly Fire With fewer soldiers and less industry than the North, the South relied heavily on skilled leadership to retain a rough combat parity. One of the Confederacy’s most prized generals was James Longstreet, who performed well despite the anguish of losing three children to scarlet fever in 1862. Longstreet often attacked and saved the day during battle, giving him a stellar reputation at the time despite outspoken disagreements with other generals, including Robert E. Lee. However, Longstreet’s reputation began to decline after the Battle of Gettysburg, where he openly disagreed with Pickett’s Charge.   On May 6, Longstreet was wounded by friendly fire during the Battle of the Wilderness in circumstances similar to those of fellow Confederate General “Stonewall” Jackson a year earlier. Longstreet survived, though his arm was paralyzed, and rejoined the war in October. By this time, Longstreet was on defensive duty and could do little to affect the outcome of the war. After the war, Longstreet helped the Grant administration with Reconstruction and received a pardon for his efforts in 1868.   Aftermath of the Wilderness: “The Grandest Act of Grant’s Life” On to Richmond by unknown artist. Source: US Army   For the first time, the Army of the Potomac did not withdraw to the north after failing to defeat the Army of Northern Virginia. Instead, Grant continued to move south, keeping pressure on the Confederacy. Grant had promised President Lincoln that he would continue his offensive regardless of the outcome of the individual battle and held to that promise despite the high casualties. When fellow Union general William T. Sherman heard of Grant’s continued offensive, he called it the “grandest act” of Grant’s life.   Ultimately, Grant’s continued offensive in the Overland Campaign would be successful, resulting in the Siege of Petersburg and, later, the capture of Richmond. With no room to maneuver, Lee’s Army of Northern Virginia was worn down. Exhausted and out of supplies, Lee finally surrendered after the Battle of Appomattox Courthouse in April 1865, effectively ending the American Civil War. Grant would go on to win two terms as president of the United States.

  Formed during the last Ice Age, almost 10,000 years ago, Italy’s Lake Como’s distinctive inverted “Y” shape was sculpted by retreating glaciers. This natural masterpiece has captivated visitors for centuries now. Throughout history, Lake Como has been a favored retreat for aristocrats, artists, and intellectuals. The Romans recognized its strategic importance, establishing the town of Novum Comum, modern-day Como, as a vital center for trade and commerce.   Some of the most impressive aspects of Lake Como are its opulent villas adorning the shores. These grand estates, often accompanied by meticulously landscaped gardens, have served as summer residences for nobility and affluent families. But among all these illustrious estates, one stands out above the rest: the world-famous Villa d’Este.   How Old is Villa d’Este and Why Was It Built? Villa d’Este, Cernobbio, Italy. Source: Wikimedia Commons   The story of this iconic villa began in 1442. This was when Gerardo Landriani, the Bishop of Como, established a female convent near the Garovo stream. Over a century later, meaning in 1568, Cardinal Tolomeo Gallio, a native of Cernobbio, acquired the site and commissioned architect Pellegrino Tibaldi to design a grand summer residence. The resulting Villa del Garovo, completed in 1570, showcased the elegance of Renaissance architecture and became a hub for politicians, intellectuals, and ecclesiastics during Gallio’s lifetime.   Following Cardinal Gallio’s death, the villa remained under the Gallio family’s ownership for nearly two centuries. During this period, it experienced phases of neglect and restoration. This was a sign of the changing fortunes of its proprietors. Fast forward to 1749, and the Jesuits utilized the estate as a center for spiritual exercises. This marked a significant shift in the function of the villa.   Transition of Villa d’Este from Noble to Aristocratic Ownership Aerial view of Villa d’Este, Lake Como, Italy. Source: Flickr   The late 18th and early 19th centuries saw Villa del Garovo transition through various aristocratic hands. In 1778, it was acquired by Count Mario Odescalchi and later by Count Marliani in 1784. Subsequently, the Milanese Calderari family purchased the property and undertook extensive restorations, including the creation of a new Italian-style garden featuring an impressive nymphaeum and a temple housing a 17th-century statue of Hercules hurling Lichas into the sea.   After the death of Marquis Calderari, his widow, Vittoria Peluso, a former ballerina at La Scala, married Napoleonic General Count Domenico Pino. In honor of her husband, Peluso added a mock fortress to the park. This was a clear representation of the era’s fascination with romanticized military structures.   A Royal Chapter and the Renaming to Nuova Villa d’Este Cernobbio hillside from Lake Como, Italy. Source: Wikimedia Commons   A pivotal chapter in the villa’s history commenced in 1815 when Caroline of Brunswick, the estranged wife of the future King George IV of the United Kingdom, took residence. She renamed the estate “Nuova Villa d’Este,” a nod to her claimed descent from the House of Este. During her tenure, Caroline transformed the gardens into an English landscape style. This introduced a picturesque aesthetic that contrasted with the formal Italian design.   Caroline’s residency brought a period of grandeur and social prominence to the villa. However, following her departure and subsequent death in 1821, the property changed hands multiple times, including ownership by Prince Torlonia and later Prince Domenico Orsini. Each proprietor left their mark, which contributed to the enrichment of the architectural and cultural heritage of the villa.   What to Know About Lake Como’s Villa d’Este Transformation into a Luxury Retreat A view of Villa d’Este, with the town of Cernobbio in the background. Source: Flickr   The modern era of Villa d’Este began in 1873 when a group of Milanese businessmen purchased the estate and converted it into a luxury hotel. This transformation marked the beginning of the villa’s status as a premier destination for the elite. The hotel’s opulent interiors, expansive gardens, and stunning lake views have since attracted a distinguished clientele, including royalty, celebrities, and political figures.   In 1913, the Italian government recognized the villa’s historical and cultural significance by designating its 25-acre park as a National Monument. This acknowledgment shows the importance of the villa as a heritage site and its major role in Italy’s artistic and architectural history.   The Architectural Grandeur and Garden Splendor of Villa d’Este Villa d’Este on Lake Como, Italy. Source: Wikimedia Commons   The meticulously designed gardens of Villa d’Este, alongside its architectural grandeur, offer a setting rich in history and beauty. The estate features a blend of Renaissance and Baroque elements, with ornate facades, grand staircases, and intricate frescoes adorning the interiors. The gardens are renowned for their terraced design, incorporating fountains, statues, and a variety of plant species that thrive in Lake Como’s mild climate.   One of the most notable features is the Nymphaeum, adorned with polychrome mosaics, leading to the Viale d’Ercole, a pathway of stairways and waterways culminating at the statue of Hercules and Lichas. Additionally, the mock fortress built during Vittoria Peluso’s time remains a charming element within the English garden section.   The Villa’s Cultural Impact and Iconic Events Villa d’Este is nestled on the shores of Lake Como. Source: Flickr   Villa d’Este plays a major role in cultural and social events, on top of being a luxury hotel. Since 1929, it has hosted the annual Concorso d’Eleganza Villa d’Este, a prestigious event showcasing vintage and concept cars. This gathering attracts automobile enthusiasts and collectors from around the world. They gather to celebrate automotive design and heritage.   The villa has also served as a backdrop for various films and artistic endeavors, further cementing its status as a cultural icon. Its timeless beauty and historical ambiance continue to inspire artists, writers, and filmmakers.   Modern-Day Villa d’Este   Today, Villa d’Este remains a symbol of luxury and elegance. The hotel offers 152 rooms, each uniquely decorated with antique furnishings and vintage artifacts. All of this provides guests with a sense of the Belle époque era. Amenities include a floating swimming pool on the lake, a wellness center, fitness facilities, and world-class dining options. The estate’s commitment to preserving its historical charm while providing modern comforts ensures that it continues to be a sought-after destination for travelers from all around the world.   Can You Visit Villa d’Este Even If You Don’t Want to Stay the Night? View from room in Villa d’Este, Lake Como, Italy. Source: Flickr   Villa d’Este welcomes guests from around the world to experience its history as well as luxury. If you want to stay overnight, then we recommend that. However, if you’re just visiting for the day, then the estate’s grounds, restaurants, and amenities will be open for you so that you can immerse yourself in the villa’s Renaissance charm. Reservations are highly recommended, especially during peak seasons, as the hotel is a renowned destination for travelers seeking a serene yet opulent retreat on Lake Como.   Commitment to Sustainability at Villa d’Este   Villa d’Este also prioritizes sustainability, as it engages in various practices to protect the surrounding natural environment. The estate has implemented eco-friendly initiatives, such as sourcing locally grown produce, reducing waste, and conserving water within its gardens. These efforts reflect a commitment to preserving Lake Como’s ecosystem while maintaining the villa’s legacy of luxury and elegance. Villa d’Este is committed to historical preservation, luxury, and environmental consciousness, which solidified its reputation as not just a hotel but a cherished cultural institution.   Must-See Sights and Activities Near Lake Como’s Villa d’Este Downtown Cernobbio is a short walk from Villa D’Este, Italy. Source: Flickr   When visiting Lake Como, it wouldn’t be enough to just explore Villa d’Este. The surrounding area is filled with charming towns and cultural sites. For instance, the nearby town of Como is known for its beautiful Duomo, historical museums, and lively markets. Guests can also explore Bellagio, often called the “Pearl of Lake Como,” where narrow cobblestone streets are lined with quaint shops, cafes, and historic villas. Outdoor enthusiasts can hike up to the Volta Lighthouse for panoramic views of the lake or take a cable car to Brunate, which offers scenic vistas and picturesque walking trails.   The region is obviously rich with Italian culture, which makes it a fantastic extension of any visit to Villa d’Este.

  Sir Oswald Ernald Mosley was born into an aristocratic family as the eldest son of a 5th Baronet on November 16, 1896. After a career in politics, Mosley led the British Union of Fascists (BUF) for 8 years, a period marked by violence and rich in anti-Semitic sentiment, with a strong presence in the East End of London. Although never fully able to establish himself or his ideas, Mosley is still remembered as the leading figure in British Fascism.   How Did Mosley Establish Himself? Oswald Mosley and Cynthia Curzon on their wedding day in 1920. Source: Library of Congress   After serving in a cavalry regiment and as a pilot during the First World War, Mosley kicked off his political career with the Conservative Party and later the Labour Party. During his early career, he married the heiress Cynthia Curzon in 1920 (he would later marry Diana Mitford following Curzon’s death).   During his time with the above parties, Mosley grew disillusioned with the British government and resigned in May 1930. Following his resignation, Mosley and 5 other Labour Party MPs created the New Party and, although it did not have much success, it did act as a precursor for the BUF. In January 1932, Mosley visited Italy to study fascism where he met Benito Mussolini and was so influenced that he became convinced that it was time to establish a fascist party in Britain. [1]   What Was the British Union of Fascists? The Battle of Cable Street plaque erected 2008 in London. Source: Wikimedia Commons   The BUF was officially launched on 1st October 1932 with 32 members, including several former members of the New Party. The party was most active in the inter-war years, reaching around 40,000 members in 1934 with branches across the country. Mosley wanted members to wear a ‘uniform’ which included a black shirt, coining the nickname ‘Blackshirts’ for members and supporters of the BUF.   The most notable event which took place in the inter-war years was the Battle of Cable Street in 1936 – a clash between fascists and anti-fascists. To increase support for their campaign, the British Union of Fascists intended to march through the East End on 4th October 1936, wearing their Blackshirt uniforms. Around 50,000 people gathered to prevent the entry of the march into the East End, and between 100,000 and 300,000 additional protesters waited on the route where barricades were erected. [2]   Following this battle, the government passed the 1936 Public Order Act which gave the Prime Minister and the police the power to ban marches and made it an offence to wear political uniforms. [3] With new barriers in place, Mosley decided to use more democratic methods and took part in municipal elections but had little success.   What Did Mosley Do During and Following World War Two? Oswald Mosley. Source: Wikimedia Commons   Despite the war against Germany, fascism in Britain persisted during World War Two and the government issued Defense Regulation 18B, which allowed for persons believed to be a threat to the country to be interned. The first arrests of BUF members occurred on 23 May 1940, and hundreds were eventually detained, including Mosley. [4]   Mosley was released from internment in November 1943 on the grounds of declining health, a decision that was met with much hostility from the British public who were keenly aware of the Nazi threat. Mosley was released on the condition that he was not to engage in any political activity and during this time he laid low on his farm in Wiltshire, but he was still formulating behind the scenes. [5]   Although Mosley did not re-enter active politics until 1947, he was still involved with fascist groups after the war and claimed that his time as a detainee had given him the chance to strengthen himself intellectually.   What Was the Union Movement? The symbol used by the British Union of Fascists. Source: Wikimedia Commons   Mosley returned to active politics with the Union Movement (UM) in February 1948, uniting 51 groups under one movement. No Jews were allowed to join. The UM attracted an estimated 6,000 to 7,000 followers and Mosley was careful to work within the law to try and establish a legitimate movement.[6] Speakers were encouraged to wear black tops and grey trousers. Flags bearing the Union Jack and the lightning flash, a symbol adopted from the BUF, were also flown. Following the Windrush in 1948, members of the UM also began to attack immigrants from the West Indies but antisemitism remained at the core.   Despite Mosley’s charisma, he lacked the energy he had in his pre-war career and even his followers became disillusioned with membership declining to half its numbers by 1949. Mosley stepped back from the running of the movement, and by 1951 he had left for Ireland.   How Did Mosley Spend His Final Years? Oswald Mosley, photographed in 1968. Source: Wikimedia Commons   Mosley did not return to Britain until 1958 when immigration growth became a popular subject amongst the public, especially regarding Windrush (again). He ran as an MP in the 1959 General Election for Kensington North and in 1966 for Shoreditch and Finsbury but did not have much success and later retired to France. During his final years Mosley experienced ill- health and suffered with Parkinson’s disease. He died at home in Orsay on 3 December 1980 aged 84.   Sources: [1] https://spartacus-educational.com/PRmosley.htm [2] Martin Pugh, Hurrah for the Blackshirts (2006), page 225 [3] https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/acts/public-order-act-1936 [4] David Stephen Lewis, Illusions of Grandeur: Mosley, Fascism and the British Ideology 1931-1981, Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1987, p.231 [5] Nigel H. Jones, Mosley: Life and Times (London: Haus Publishing, 2005), p.144 [6] Nigel Copsey, Anti-fascism in Britain (Hampshire: MacMilllan, 2000), p.96