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In the hit Netflix sci-fi series 3 Body Problem‚ several of the main characters are sent a mysterious virtual reality (VR) videogame‚ in which the protagonist is asked to help an alien species solve a problem: how to predict the movement of their planet's three suns.The three-body problem is an interesting and real one‚ presenting the simulated aliens with a seemingly impossible task of how to survive on a world thrown into chaos by the three suns influencing it. There are other hypothetical planets where life may (or may not‚ if they turn out not to exist) emerge despite similarly strange challenges. One such type of world – proposed by cosmologist Dan Hooper and astronomer Jason Steffen in 2012 – relies on dark matter to make life possible.     As far as astronomers studying the observable universe can tell‚ only around 5 percent of it is made up of matter. The rest‚ or the overwhelming majority of it‚ is made up of dark matter (around 27 percent) and dark energy (around 68 percent). Dark matter is invisible matter that doesn't emit its own light and only interacts with normal matter through gravity‚ which we can see evidence for in galaxies and galaxy clusters. As explained in the 2012 paper‚ when weakly interacting massive particles (WIMPS) come together they annihilate each other‚ releasing energy."The mass of the dark matter contained in our universe represents an enormous energy reservoir – a factor of approximately 103 times greater than the total energy that would be released through the fusion of all of the universe’s hydrogen into helium‚" the paper explains. However‚ dark matter generally does not collide enough to release enough energy to have an impact on an ecological scale. "An exception to this conclusion‚ however‚ could possibly be found for dark matter particles that have become gravitationally captured in a planet’s interior. Dark matter‚ in the form of weakly interacting massive particles (WIMPs)‚ is generally predicted to interact with nuclei‚ enabling them to lose momentum and become gravitationally bound and captured by stars or planets. After accumulating in a planet’s interior‚ these dark matter particles can‚ in many models‚ subsequently annihilate to produce energetic particles that are then absorbed by the surrounding material."Interactions within Earth would only account for a few megawatts of energy. More massive planets in areas of high-density slow-moving dark matter‚ however‚ could capture enough dark matter to heat the planet enough to keep water in a liquid state on its surface. This could plausibly happen‚ according to the team‚ even on rogue‚ sunless planets."On these rare planets‚ it may be dark matter rather than light from a host star that makes it possible for life to emerge‚ evolve‚ and survive."These planets‚ if they exist‚ would most likely be found in areas with a lot of dark matter‚ such as in dwarf spheroidal galaxies‚ or at the center of galaxies like the Milky Way. Life on these planets would be very different from Earth‚ likely existing on a thin surface layer above a molten interior. But in terms of evolving complex life‚ such a planet might have a few advantages‚ the main one being time. According to the team‚ if enough dark matter is captured by such a planet‚ it could potentially keep the surface warm enough for liquid water to be present for trillions of years."Given their extremely long lifetimes‚" the paper concludes‚ "such planets may prove to be the ultimate bastion of life in our universe."Though it's unclear how we would detect such planets‚ it's possible that there are planets out there‚ maybe free from their host stars and floating through interstellar space‚ sustaining life in a fairly stable environment for its inhabitants. In those sorts of time frames‚ who knows what kind of life these planets could evolve.The paper is published in the Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics.

On Earth‚ flames are shaped by gravity. Hot gases from the flames rise while gravity pulls cooler and denser air downwards to the bottom of the flame‚ giving it its familiar teardrop shape. In microgravity environments – such as on the International Space Station (ISS) – this cycle does not take place‚ and the result is that the flame becomes spherical. Astronauts aboard China's Tiangong space station lit a candle onboard to demonstrate how flames act in zero gravity. You can watch Chinese astronauts Gui Haichao and Zhu Yangzhu light the candle while live-streaming a lecture to viewers down below.                 While cool in a demonstration‚ fire and space are not a great mix. "Fire behaves differently in space‚" NASA explains. "Changes in gravity and air flow can alter the way it spreads and make it harder to extinguish."“We need to know how fire behaves differently in space than on Earth. Otherwise‚ we cannot safely live there‚” mechanical engineer James Quintiere‚ retired from the National Institute of Standards and Technology where he led fire protection research for over two decades‚ told Upward‚ the official magazine of the ISS National Laboratory.There was a real fire on Mir back in 1997‚ which lasted several minutes and cut off access to one of the Soyuz escape vehicles docked to the space station. The crew managed to put out the fire – but the situation was pretty hairy for a time.“The fire was so enormous and the smoke and vapor coming off this fire site was such that we couldn’t see at arm’s length‚" European Space Agency (ESA) astronaut Reinhold Ewald said of the incident‚ "and I could not at that time have imagined that we go on with the mission."Given the dangers involved‚ and the interesting physics‚ fire in space has been studied extensively and carefully. As part of the Flame Design experiment‚ NASA imaged and studied fire in microgravity conditions. "The yellow spots are soot clusters that glow yellow when hot‚" NASA explained‚ referring to the main image above. "These clusters grow larger in microgravity than on Earth because the soot remains within the flame longer."Another problem with flames on space stations is that the lack of gravity makes them more difficult to detect.“As the gravity field is reduced on Mars (0.38 g) or on the Moon (0.16 g)‚ buoyancy decreases and the typical time required to detect a fire with regular equipment is consequently greater‚” Guillaume Legros of France’s Institut de Combustion‚ Aérothermique‚ Réactivité et Environnement told ESA.“Worse still‚ in a spacecraft‚ there is no buoyant flow and the smoke will consequently follow the complex air motion imposed by the ventilation system‚ leading to a longer fire detection time by smoke detectors typically placed along the vent lines.”If a fire breaks out‚ cosmonauts on the Russian section of the ISS have water-based fire extinguishers‚ while the US section has a carbon dioxide extinguisher."Of course‚ we have to be careful when using the fire extinguisher to either secure ourselves against a wall or have a second astronaut stand behind us and hold us in place‚" ESA astronaut Matthias Maurer explained in a German Space Agency video. "The recoil from spraying one of the extinguishers can be quite strong and would send me flying backwards."All “explainer” articles are confirmed by fact checkers to be correct at time of publishing. Text‚ images‚ and links may be edited‚ removed‚ or added to at a later date to keep information current.  

After more than a decade of development‚ the first human trial for a treatment that attempts to tackle end-stage liver disease (ESLD) by turning lymph nodes into livers has begun.“In a medical first‚ we have now dosed our first patient in a clinical trial using their own lymph nodes as living bioreactors to regenerate an ectopic organ‚" said Dr Michael Hufford‚ co-founder and CEO of LyGenesis – the company behind the treatment – in a statement.The treatment works by taking the main functioning cells from a donated liver – known as hepatocytes – and injecting them into the lymph nodes‚ the little bean-shaped organs that help the immune system by filtering foreign particles (like viruses that cause infections).Once in the lymph nodes‚ the liver cells should grow and divide‚ hooking up with the circulatory system too by developing blood vessels. “Over time‚ that lymph node will disappear and what you’re left with is a miniature organ‚” Hufford told New Scientist.It’s a procedure that’s already seen success in some animals. Researchers tested it out on pigs by surgically altering their livers to mimic human liver disease and injecting hepatocytes from healthy liver samples into the lymph nodes. All six pigs operated on developed mini livers and consequently‚ showed signs of recovery from liver failure.The human trial will see the safety‚ tolerability‚ and efficacy of this regenerative cell therapy tested in up to 12 people with ESLD‚ a condition in which the liver is damaged beyond repair.In this circumstance‚ a transplant is often required – but there are a number of factors that can get in the way. Some patients are simply too ill to be in a position for surgery‚ for example.However‚ one of the major problems is the length of the transplant waiting list. At present‚ nearly 10‚000 people in the US are waiting for a donor liver‚ but they could be waiting for one for up to five years. Around 12 percent of those people will die each year whilst on the list.It’s hoped that this new treatment will help to tackle the problem. “If our study is successful and we obtain FDA approval‚ our allogeneic cell therapy could enable one donated liver to treat many dozens of ESLD patients‚ which could help to tilt the current organ supply-demand imbalance in favor of patients‚” said Hufford.It’ll be a while before the first results from the trial emerge‚ but researchers will be keeping a close eye on the patients involved over the course of a year‚ checking for the optimal dose and safety of the treatment‚ and whether or not it’s effective in treating the signs and symptoms of ESLD.

To mark the 140th anniversary of the SS Tasman's sinking in Tasmanian waters‚ a group of three divers decided to visit the shipwreck. Despite the technical challenges of getting to the boat‚ the team were pleased to see not only the wreck remains on the sea floor‚ but also catch a glimpse of a critically endangered and frankly furious-looking pink handfish (Brachiopsilus dianthus).Handfish are exceptionally rare‚ with only a few populations found in the waters off Tasmania and the coast of Australia. While one project is actively trying to breed the population to increase numbers‚ this encounter was a chance sighting by the three technical divers; Brad Turner‚ James Parkinson‚ and Bob Van Der Velde. The diver was organized by the Scuba Diving Tasmania and Eaglehawk Dive Centre.Pink handfish only measure 13.6 centimeters (5 inches) total length and‚ according to the IUCN‚ this species is only known from five specimens and has not been seen in the last 20 years. Likewise‚ another species called the narrowbody handfish (Pezichthys compressus) was spotted for the first time since 1996 last year.“We were there to explore the wreck‚ but the handfish stole the show‚” Turner said in a statement sent to IFLScience.     The SS Tasman was a steamship that sank in November 1883 after striking a rock near Hypolite Rock off the Tasman Peninsula. The boat then lay undiscovered on the seafloor for over 100 years. Associate Professor at the Institute for Antarctic and Marine Studies (IMAS) at the University of Tasmania‚ Neville Barrett‚ described the discovery as “remarkable and extremely valuable”. “It gives us hope that the pink handfish have some deeper and cooler water refuge from the warming coastal waters that are threatening the existence of many Tasmanian marine species.” The divers think this might be the first time ever that photographs of this species have been taken by members of the public‚ as previous images of pink handfish have been captured by remotely controlled and autonomous underwater vehicles. Since the initial dive‚ the team have returned to the wreck site three more times to collect more images of the handfish. “There was a fair bit of excitement when we returned to the dive site and spotted a second pink handfish‚ just 10 meters [33 feet] from the first.” said Brad. 

National Public Radio may be funded by taxpayer dollars‚ but its audience is firmly on the Left. It’s literally New York Times Radio‚ as The Daily podcast from The Times airs on almost 300 NPR stations every weekday. Inside this airless liberal silo‚ they can grow very arrogant about how they Save Democracy. On April Fools Day‚ host Michael Barbaro brought on Times political reporter Jim Rutenberg to discuss “Ronna McDaniel‚ TV News‚ and the Trump Problem.” Rutenberg should be best known for his infamous 2016 front-page editorial announcing objectivity was officially going in the trash can (as if it was vibrantly observed before).   Rutenberg described the Trump Problem: "If you're a working journalist and you believe that Donald J. Trump is a demagogue playing to the nation's worst racist and nationalistic tendencies‚ that he cozies up to anti-American dictators and that he would be dangerous with control of the United States nuclear codes‚ how the heck are you supposed to cover him?" Rutenberg proclaimed the “objective” media must now be “oppositional.” Then The Times unfurled the arrogant motto “Truth. It’s More Important Now Than Ever‚” and put it on T-shirts. This created another “Trump problem." The Republican half of the country would dismiss them as Democrat messengers (if they weren’t dismissed before). Republican listeners could break out a middle-fingers salute at the end of this podcast. They discussed how temporary CNN boss Chris Licht thought CNN “put on a jersey‚ took a side‚” which they obviously did. Barbaro concluded after NBC's Ronna McDaniel debacle‚ “a network like NBC perhaps doesn’t put a jersey on‚ but accepts the reality that a lot of the world sees them wearing a jersey.” Rutenberg implausibly claimed‚ “no one wants to be wearing a jersey on our business. But maybe what they really have to accept is that we’re just sticking to the true facts‚ and that may look like we’re wearing a jersey‚ but we’re not. And that may‚ at times‚ look like it’s lining up more with the Democrats‚ but we’re not. If Trump is lying about a stolen election‚ that’s not siding against him. That’s siding for the truth‚ and that’s what we’re doing.” What these men are really saying is that liberal journalists want to have their cake‚ and eat it‚ too. They want to launch their flagrantly righteous takes against Trump and his voters‚ and they want to be celebrated as nonpartisan at the same time. “We’re wearing True Facts jerseys!” Incredibly‚ this wasn’t the only NPR program on April Fools Day preaching this sermon. On 1-A out of D.C. station WAMU‚ host Todd Zwillich also disparaged Licht’s approach‚ especially the Trump town hall with Kaitlan Collins. “I think that you're seeing increasingly‚ luckily‚ journalists who cover politics realize they're not in the old game anymore‚ that neutrality doesn't only not serve them anymore‚ but doesn't serve the public anymore‚” Zwillich proclaimed. “It doesn't mean being partisan. It doesn't mean you're for one side. It means you're for truth.” They seize on Trump's election denial as if it's the only issue. Both shows never touched on the Hunter Biden laptop or any other issue where the media suppressed true facts. NPR executive Terence Samuel infamously said “We don't want to waste our time on stories that are not really stories.” It was a “pure distraction.” Then The Times and other liberal outlets acknowledged the laptop was real…in 2022. This never came up because both shows failed to include any conservative guests. Because when you’re for the “true facts‚” why should the “lying” side get any airtime on tax-funded radio? 

What are the V Rising system requirements? We're nearing the full launch of V Rising and after a meteoric rise back during its initial early access phase‚ we're excited to see how far the game has come. It's worth noting that throughout its early access development‚ the V Rising system requirements have been subject to change‚ but are now effectively fixed beyond a major graphical overhaul being announced out of nowhere. A contender for one of the best crafting games on PC‚ V Rising will be looking to recapture its fanbase with the official launch‚ but a recent price hike may turn some players away. Continue reading V Rising system requirements MORE FROM PCGAMESN: Best graphics card‚ Best gaming PC‚ Best SSD for gaming