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Hera and Her Pre-Hellenic Roots
As queen to Zeus’s king, it is ironic that, Hera, the Olympian goddess of marriage, should herself be a miserable one. With a predilection for inciting vengeance against her husband’s innumerable paramours and their hapless offspring, a neglected Hera plays the quintessential jealous wife to the ever-unfaithful Zeus—Olympian lord of the gods. Never mind that Zeus’s paramours more closely resemble victims than lovers, she never let justice stand in the way of divine retribution. Unloved and unloving, Hera is easily the most unlikable of all the Olympian gods, which is why it is surprising that for all her savagery, she was also one of the most celebrated and piously revered of deities throughout the ancient Greek world.
As the only wedded of the Olympian goddesses, she is regarded as the patron goddess of marriage as well as the goddess of women and childbirth. Because she presided over lawful unions, at weddings her presence loomed large. Moreover, Hera holds an exalted place in the Olympian pantheon, not only is she the wife of Zeus but she is also his sister. In Hesiod’s Theogony, Hera was the eldest daughter of the king and queen of the Titans: Kronos and Rhea.
Given the numerous accolades she has received—to the exclusion of other more benevolent deities—it is difficult to come to terms with Greek literature's depiction of the vengeful and cruel Hera with the benevolent deity who is worthy of celebration. Why was Greek literature unkind to Hera? Moreover, what could account for the stormy relationship between Zeus and Hera? While examining the causes behind her character development, archaeological finds—- particularly her temples— will be reviewed to help determine the historical beginnings of Hera and her worship.
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