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Email Signup Just in Case https://www.sustainableseasons.com/ Follow me on Twitter X Just in Case https://twitter.com/PatrickHumphre Breaking news an emergency alert a new law is going into place and Sheriff warning that they will no longer respond to 911 calls in cities like Pittsburg Pennsylvania and Toronto Canada. Sheriff is warning to leave your car keys and key fob at the door for robberies. Get ready for societal chaos and social unrest. Migrant crime has run rampant as well. Practice preparedness. Prepare for teotwawki Get water filtration and stock up on storable long term food. Shtf is here in 2024. Watch Patrick Prepper who brings you breaking news. Buy silver and buy gold so you are prepared for shtf 2024. “Stand firm‚ and you will win life.” Luke 21:19

When stars grow old and die‚ their mass determines their ultimate fate. Many supermassive stars have futures as neutron stars. But‚ the question is‚ how massive can their neutron stars get? That’s one that Professor Fan Yizhong and his team at Purple Mountain Observatory in China set out to answer. It turns out that a non-rotating neutron star can’t be much more than 2.25 solar masses. If it was more massive‚ it would face a much more dire fate: to become a black hole. To figure this out‚ the team at Purple Mountain looked into what’s called the Oppenheimer limit. That’s the critical gravitational mass (abbreviated MTOV) of a massive object. If a neutron star stays below that Oppenheimer limit‚ it will remain in that state. If it grows more massive‚ then it collapses into a black hole. A composite image of the Crab Nebula features X-rays from Chandra (blue and white)‚ optical data from Hubble (purple)‚ and infrared data from Spitzer (pink). The Crab Nebula is powered by a quickly spinning‚ highly magnetized neutron star called a pulsar‚ which was formed when a massive star ran out of its nuclear fuel and collapsed. Scientists now want to know how much mass characterizes a neutron star as opposed to a black hole. Understanding the Physics of a Neutron Star So‚ why determine the upper mass of a neutron star? The Oppenheimer limit for these objects has some implications for both astrophysics and nuclear physics. Essentially‚ it indicates that compact objects with masses greater than 2.25 solar masses are probably what scientists term the “lightest” black holes. Those objects would likely exist in a range of 2.5 to 3 solar masses. The whole thing is rooted in the way that stars age. Everything depends on their starting mass. So‚ for example‚ our Sun is a lower-mass yellow dwarf and it will take more than 10 billion years to go through its whole life cycle. It’s about 4.5 billion years old now. As it ages‚ it will consume heavier elements in its core‚ which will heat it up. That drives expansion‚ which means the Sun will become a red giant and cast off its outer layers beginning in about five billion years. Eventually‚ it will shrink to become a white dwarf. That tiny object will contain less than the mass of the Sun‚ although some white dwarfs can be slightly more massive. How a Neutron Star Forms Stars much more massive than the Sun go through the same cycle‚ but they end their lives in supernova explosions. What’s left becomes a black hole. Or‚ if there’s not quite enough mass left after the explosion‚ the remnant becomes a neutron star. So‚ that means there’s a delicate line between it and a black hole. That line is the Oppenheimer limit. X-ray image of the Tycho supernova‚ also known as SN 1572‚ located between 8‚000 and 9‚800 light-years from Earth. Its core collapse could result in a neutron star or a black hole‚ depending on final mass. (Credit: X-ray: NASA/CXC/RIKEN &; GSFC/T. Sato et al; Optical: DSS) Stars between 8 and 25 solar masses produce neutron stars. Something called “neutron degeneracy pressure” holds those odd remnants together. The leftover core of the star compresses after the supernova explosion. But‚ neutrons and protons in atomic nuclei in the core get pushed tightly together and they can’t be compressed any more. So‚ the system goes into a weird equilibrium. At that point‚ the resulting neutron star is approaching the Oppenheimer limit. If the object gains (or has) any more mass‚ that puts it over the limit. The result is a black hole. Refining the Oppenheimer Limit for Neutron Stars Professor Fan’s team worked to find a more precise value for the Oppenheimer Limit. To do this‚ they gathered data from such observations as those made by the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory (LIGO) and the VIRGO gravitational wave detector‚ as well as an instrument aboard the International Space Station called The Neutron Star Interior Composition Explorer Mission (NICER). These and other missions detect the effects of neutron star collisions and neutron star-black hole encounters. NICER‚ in particular‚ studies the timing of x-ray emissions at neutron stars and works to answer the question: How big is a neutron star? By knowing the size and mass of neutron stars‚ astronomers can gain a further understanding of their formation and the exotic matter they contain. The team incorporated information about the maximum mass cutoff (i.e. what’s the highest level of mass a neutron star can have) inferred from the distribution of these objects. They used models of the equation of state in their work. The equation of state basically looks at the state of matter in the neutron star (and black hole) and the models describe the parameters under which it exists (including pressure‚ volume‚ and temperature). The result of their work gives not only an upper bound to the mass of the neutron star (~2.5 solar masses) but also reveals that such a neutron star would have a radius of around 11.9 kilometers. It’s interesting to see the precision in these measurements and models‚ based on actual data from multi-messenger observations of gravitational waves and soft X-ray emissions. Fan and the team suggest in the paper they published about their work that the objects with masses between 2.5 and 3 solar masses (detected by second-generation gravitational wave detectors) are most likely the lightest black holes. Further Implications The work also has some pretty interesting implications for cosmology‚ in particular the Hubble Constant. That’s the value assigned to the rate at which the Universe is expanding. It lies somewhere around 70 kilometers per second per megaparsec (plus or minus 2.2 km/sec/Mpc). The numbers depend on which methods astronomers use to calculate them. The Fan team’s work suggests that the mass cutoff for neutron stars detected by gravitational waves should align with MTOV. That does not change with redshift. The Oppenheimer Limit mass cutoff is associated with both the redshifted mass of the object and its redshift. That’s predicted by the cosmological model and luminosity distance. This provides a new method to test the underlying cosmological model of the Universe. The current model begins with the Big Bang‚ inflation‚ and expansion. It also includes the distribution of all the matter (including dark and baryonic matter)‚ and in corporates the contribution of dark energy. For More Information Maximum mass of non-rotating neutron star precisely inferred to be 2.25 solar massesMaximum gravitational mass MTOV = 2.25 +0.08/-0.07 Ms inferred at about 3% precision with multimessenger data of neutron starsArXiv Preprint The post The Maximum Mass of a Neutron Star is 2.25 Solar Masses appeared first on Universe Today.

With as much evidence we have showing how dress codes specifically target women‚ you would think that finally‚ in 2024‚ there would be an end to it. But here we are. To show how this ridiculous‚ blatant discrimination continues to rear its ugly head‚ look no further than a video posted by a mother named Shasty Leah‚ who received a phone call from her daughter’s school a mere two hours before school day would end…due to her outfit “distracting the boys.” And just what was Leah’s daughter wearing that was so distracting? A high neck‚ long sleeve shirt and blue jean-like leggings. That’s it. No crop tops or above-the-knee skirts or any of the other clothing items that typically get penalized. And yet‚ this outfit was considered somehow too sexually alluring. Probably because Leah’s daughter was on the curvier side (Leah says that she and her daughter wear the same bra size). Seriously‚ this feels like it should be in a silly period piece movie. But no. Understandably‚ Leah was livid. “It’s 2024‚ and we're still teaching the boys that girls are their sexual play toys‚” she says in the clip. @its_shastys Schools are just full of shit#teamhypeasmile ♬ original sound - Shasty Leah “We're not teaching the boys: You don't have a right to put your hands on any girl. You don't have a right to call her anything outside her God-given name‚ and you don't have a right to think that she is your sexual object. We're not teaching the boys that. No.” But she doesn’t stop there. She rightfully adds that if schools really were concerned about all kinds of potentially suggestive dress‚ then there would be the cheerleading or volleyball outfits many tween and teen girls wear. Valid‚ valid points. “It's 2024. We've got to do better as a society‚” she says while shaking her head. Leah even went on to say that as a mom to four boys‚ she has somehow‚ someway been able to bring them up to speed on not sexualizing women. “They were taught the same thing‚ and you would think while the moms and daddies out there teaching their kids to play football and baseball and basketball‚ fish‚ hunt‚ all the fun things‚ maybe you could teach in gaming ... maybe teach them how not to be little s**ts. Be men.” And by the way‚ below is the infamous outfit in question. Leah’s daughter couldn’t have been more conservative if she were wearing a burlap sack. @its_shastys Replying to @Krystalkd1108 #teamhypeasmile ♬ original sound - Shasty Leah Other viewers chimed in to share their support‚ and encouraged Leah to take action.“There is NOTHING wrong with this outfit‚” one person wrote. Meanwhile‚ another added‚ “GO to the school board‚” while someone else suggest “set up a meeting wearing that shirt.” A few even noted that perhaps it’s not the boys who really have the problem‚ but the adults who are making the complaint.“At my daughter's school the boys started wearing crop tops and things girls get DC for to make a point and they change the code‚” one person shared. Another commented‚ “When the school calls about dress code violations‚ I really want to know more about the adult who’s been staring and having a problem with it.” Officials might argue that dress codes help instill a sense of productivity and focus‚ but for young girls—especially young girls with curvier body types and BIPOC students—they do more harm than good. This is fairly common knowledge by now‚ is it not? That’s why so many schools have been called out for it over the years. And yet‚ an overwhelming majority of schools in the U.S. still enforce them. We’ve tried productivity the patriarchal way. It’s time to try something else‚ for crying out loud.

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