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It’s always a real benefit to have scientists on the ground‚ able to use the wealth of their experience and ingenuity to ‘think on their feet’.  It is therefore always quite challenging to use space probes that to a degree need to be autonomous. This is certainly true of the NASA Perseverance Rover that has been drilling core samples that will one day (hopefully) be returned to Earth as part of the Mars Sample Return mission. Until then‚ a team of Geologists have developed a technique to calculate the orientation of the core samples to help with future analysis.  The journey of Mars Perseverance began on 30 July 2020 when it was launched off to the red planet. Arriving less than a year later on 18 February 2021‚ the rover carried with it an array of instrumentation. Its goal to explore the past habitability of Mars‚ looking for signs of ancient microbial life and helping to pave the way for future human exploration.  A United Launch Alliance Atlas V rocket with NASA’s Mars 2020 Perseverance rover onboard launches from Space Launch Complex 41 at Cape Canaveral Air Force Station‚ Thursday‚ July 30‚ 2020‚ from NASA’s Kennedy Space Center in Florida. The Perseverance rover is part of NASA’s Mars Exploration Program‚ a long-term effort of robotic exploration of the Red Planet. Photo Credit: (NASA/Joel Kowsky) One instrument in particular‚ the Sample Caching System‚ gathered and stored rock and soil samples for the potential return to Earth by future missions. Perseverance and the Ingenuity drone have been exploring the Jezero crater‚ an ancient lake bed since. To date‚ 20 of the 43 tubes have been filled with core bedrock samples and a team of geologists have been looking at the original orientation of the samples to help answer questions about the planet’s past.  The research‚ which appeared in Earth and Space Science journal by lead authors Benjamin P. Weiss and Elias N. Mansbach explains that the team have identified the original orientation of the majority of the samples collected so far. This crucial bit of information will help geologists to understand the magnetic field that may have existed at the time the rocks formed‚ how water and lava has flowed‚ the direction of wind and the tectonic processes that were going on too.  Using data from the rover itself including its location and the positioning of the drill it was possible to calculate the orientation of the bedrock sample before it was drilled out. This will be the first time scientists have managed to orient the rock samples from another world. By completing the process for a number of samples at different locations will give clues to the conditions on Mars when the rocks formed. The challenge was made more difficult by the mechanism that extracted the sample. A tube shaped drill is screwed into the ground at a 90 degree angle and then the sample is pulled directly out along with the rock. To be able to reorient the sample with the original location the team take what is effectively pitch‚ roll and yaw of a boat or aircraft.  Using pictures and aligning with true north the team could calculate the original orientation. They also used distinguishing surface features in the area that would help with location identification. If perchance they were in an area devoid of any feature then the onboard laser would mark an ‘L’ into the rock before taking the sample. Source : Study determines the original orientations of rocks drilled on Mars The post Perseverance is Keeping Track of the Big Picture While it’s Exploring Mars appeared first on Universe Today.

Exploring the Moon has become increasingly more of a focal point lately‚ especially with a series of landers recently launched with various degrees of success. One of the difficulties those landers and any future human missions face is understanding the terrain they are landing on and potentially traversing in the case of a rover or human. To help fight this problem‚ a team of researchers from Switzerland has developed a drone concept that could help map out some of the more interesting‚ potentially hazardous areas to explore on the Moon. Mapping the Moon has already been a priority for years. However‚ some of the more exciting regions‚ such as the Permanently Shadows Regions (PSR) at the lunar poles that hold a significant amount of water ice‚ have only been mapped to a resolution of about 1m per pixel in the best images of them. That’s including artificial enhancement by AI-backed algorithms.  That level of resolution isn’t near enough to provide useful planning data for any potential rover or human missions – a given rover’s wheel itself won’t even more that in width‚ let alone hope to traverse an obstacle of that size. Consequently‚ any rovers we send must be manually controlled or make their way very slowly and autonomously. Given the limited operational timeline of these expected rover missions‚ that slow pace could limit their ability to search out the valuable resources and sites that scientists think are hiding in the PSRs. Fraser discusses the Artemis I moon mission that is NASA’s first step to sending humans back. The obvious solution to this problem is to have another form of robot serve as a scout‚ similar to what Ingenuity had been doing for the Perseverance rover on Mars up until recently. That collaboration had allowed Perseverance to set the record for longest single-day autonomous drive on another planet – totaling about 700 m. If a scout were able to map out details of the lunar surface in front of a potential rover‚ it could move even faster than the pace set by Perseverance.  To this end‚ there have been plenty of planned missions to do just that. In a recently released paper describing their idea‚ Romeo Tonasso and his colleagues at the Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne split these existing mission concepts into two categories – large and small. Larger systems can contain tested‚ off-the-shelf chemical propulsion systems that‚ when flight-tested‚ can be bulky and use potentially hazardous chemicals. Smaller systems could use different forms of chemical propulsions‚ such as H2O2 rockets‚ or even more mundane means of locomotion‚ such as by literally jumping off the ground using legs. However‚ many of the technologies for that type of propulsion aren’t yet at a high enough development level for use in a practical mission. Finding a middle ground between the older‚ heavier hopper model and the newer‚ untested one was one of the leading design constraints for the new concept. The solution they came up with was a rocket-propelled drone that would be launched from and return to a base station that could be towed by a rover or other lunar exploration vehicle. The base station would refuel the drone after each flight‚ allowing it to make multiple flights while not carrying excess propellant weight. With this setup‚ the system could map as many as 9 square kilometers of the lunar surface at a resolution that would be helpful for both rover and human mission planning. At the end of that effort‚ the base station would have to be refueled‚ allowing it to continue its mission‚ which is a central part of the design concept. Fraser discusses why the south pole‚ and the PSRs that reside there‚ are so important. This idea has other advantages – many other hoppers have to land on the ground‚ and their propulsion system can introduce a significant amount of chaos into the lunar environment. That is especially undesirable if the surface they’re landing on happens to contain commercially viable materials such as water ice. Landing back at a mobile docking station also eliminates any dust kick-up‚ which can significantly hinder operations in an area‚ given how long it takes dust to settle on the Moon. While there are some details in the paper‚ including some high-level architecture discussion that uses space-tested hardware‚ so far‚ this idea is just a concept. However‚ with the date of the Artemis III human landing approaching quickly‚ NASA and other space agencies would undoubtedly benefit from a successful scouting mission such as the one described in the paper. Whether or not they will push the idea across the finish line remains to be seen‚ though. Learn More:Ronasso et al – A lunar reconnaissance drone for cooperative exploration and high-resolution mapping of extreme locationsUT – NASA is Going Ahead With a Hopping Lander to Explore the Lunar SurfaceUT – The Surface of the Moon is Electrically Charged‚ Which Could Allow a Hovering Robot to Explore itUT – China Reveals How it’s Planning to Search for Water Ice at the Moon’s South Pole Lead Image:Lunar reconnaissance drone systemCredit – Ronasso et al. The post Drones Could Help Map the Lunar Surface with Extreme Precision appeared first on Universe Today.

I always think of planispheres when I think of astrolabes! Navigators used these ancient devices (astrolabes not planispheres) to provide an accurate map of the stars in the sky. To use them you would match up the metal plates to the sky and you could calculate your location. Astrolabes date back to 220BC but one with Hebrew and Arabic markings was found and it is thought to have originated back in the 11th Century. Historian at Christ’s College‚ Cambridge‚ Dr Federica Gigante came across the astrolabe by chance in an image on the website of Fondazione Museo Minisccalchi-Erizzo in Verona. Dr Gigante published an article in Nuncius (the Journal of the Material and Visual History of Science) and suggests that the ancient device had been changed a number of times. After it was made‚ it seems to have been physically adapted‚ translated and corrected over the centuries by Muslim‚ Jewish and Christian sky watchers from Spain‚ North Africa and Italy.  Having seen the astrolabe online‚ Dr Gigante visited the museum to study it up close. She reports “When I visited the museum and studied the astrolabe up close‚ I noticed that not only was it covered in beautifully engraved Arabic inscriptions but that I could see faint inscriptions in Hebrew. I could only make it out in the raking light entering from the window. I thought I might be dreaming but I kept seeing more and more. It was very exciting.” The astrolabe has a feature known as a ‘rete’ which is a pierced disk that represents a map of the sky. The position of the stars upon the disk reveal that they were added on the instrument in the late 11th Century making it one of the earliest astrolabes made in Spain.  Dr Gigante is well placed to analyse it as she is an expert on Islamic scientific instrument. The engravings and arrangement of the scales reminded her of instruments made in the Muslim ruled area of Spain known as Al-Andalus.  In her article she reports it may have been made in Toledo which would have been a place of co-existence between Muslims‚ Jews and Christians at the time. Careful study revealed Jewish names in Arabic script which suggested it had been used in the Sephardi Jewish community where Arabic was the language of the day. There was a second plate which had been added after the astrolabe had been made and had been inscribed for North African users. It may have been used therefore‚ in Morocco in Egypt. Further to the African‚ Arabic and Jewish links the Hebrew markings suggested it had left Spain and North Africa and found its way to Italy where it was likely to be used by the Jewish Diaspora community that would use the Hebrew language instead.  It seems this insignificant looking‚ hand held device has had a rich history and that history seems to have been revealed as its owners changed and transitioned from one community to the next. It is thought to have eventually made its way to the collection of the nobleman Ludovico Moscardo from Verona before it was passed on to the Miniscalchi family and ultimately on to the museum where it is still on view today. I doubt my planisphere will have such a rich life! Source : Rare astrolabe discovered in Verona reveals scientific exchange The post One of the Oldest Astrolabes Has Both Hebrew and Arabic Markings appeared first on Universe Today.

Technosignature research is heating up‚ with plenty of papers speculating on the nature‚ and sometimes the longevity‚ of signals created by technically advanced extraterrestrial civilizations. While we haven’t found any so far‚ that isn’t to say that we won’t‚ and a better understanding of what to look for would undoubtedly help. Enter a new paper by Amedeo Balbi and Claudio Grimaldi‚ two professors at the Universita di Roma Tor Vergata and the Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne‚ respectively. They have taken a statistical model to the problem of understanding how old a technosignature might be before we are likely to find it – and their answer is‚ surprisingly young. We’ve reported before on how another recent paper thought that any civilization that created a technosignature that we can see is likely to be much older than ours. Simply put‚ technosignatures can last a long‚ long time. Over those long periods‚ the technosignatures can travel to places that are farther away. Given the extreme longevity of some of these civilizations‚ it turns out we are more likely to come across a technosignature that has been around for a very long time rather than one just created recently. However‚ one big assumption in the previous paper is that the technosignature would last for extremely long periods. That assumption might not always hold‚ as many technosignatures have to be actively supported‚ such as radio signals or artificial lights on a planet. Given the active support these require‚ it’s likely they wouldn’t be supported anywhere near as long as implied by the previous paper. Fraser discusses the idea of technosignatures. Drs. Balbi and Grimaldi instead use a statistical technique to more accurately reflect what they think the actual situation in the universe would be – civilizations actively support their technosignatures for some time but let them die off once they are no longer beneficial to the civilization itself – essentially eliminating our chance to find them. From a statistical point of view‚ this clusters the vast majority of observable technosignatures to the far left of the x-axis‚ where that axis is defined as the longevity of a civilization.  We could see some obvious technosignature that have been around for billions of years and don’t require any active support‚ such as the thermoradiation of a Dyson sphere. But it’s much more likely that‚ if we do see one‚ it is actively being supported by an active civilization.  In the paper‚ the researchers perform a more rigorous statistical analysis‚ including invoking an idea known as Lindy’s Law. That law is somewhat counterintuitive‚ as it states that the life expectancy of a technology is roughly proportional to its age. In other words‚ as a technology ages‚ its life expectancy increases. However‚ it has been proven in multiple scenarios and has various causes.  Dr. David Kipping‚ the author of a previous paper discussing how long technosignatures might last‚ discusses the research he did on his channel.Credit – Cool Worlds YouTube Channel The impact it has on this particular analysis is clear – the probability distribution of the length of a technically advanced civilization’s existence should be skewed per Lindy’s Law to show that short-lived technosignatures are much more common than long-lived ones. At the moment‚ this is all theoretical‚ and it would be interesting to see what Dr. Kipping‚ the author of the original paper arguing for longer-lived societies‚ has to say about this alternative view of the statistical treatment. Maybe it will be featured on an episode of his Cool Worlds channel soon. Until then‚ the hard work of SETI data collection will continue apace‚ and the theoreticians will continue fine-tuning their statistical models‚ hoping to one day catch a glimpse of something out there. Learn More:Balbi &; Grimaldo – Technosignatures Longevity and Lindy’s LawKipping‚ Frank and Scharf – Contact inequality: first contact will likely be with an older civilizationUT – The First Civilization We Contact Will Have Been Around Much Longer Than HumanityUT – After all of This Time Searching for Aliens‚ is it The Zoo Hypothesis or Nothing? Lead Image:DALL-E Image of an advanced civilization. The post How Long Will Advanced Civilizations Try to Communicate With Us? appeared first on Universe Today.

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