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There’s an alien red giant star orbiting in the center of our galaxy. It’s called S0-6 and has chemical fingerprints from its birthplace far outside the Milky Way. This ancient star is spiraling slowly in toward the supermassive black hole Sagittarius A* (Sgr A*) at the heart of the Milky Way. Eventually‚ it could get drawn into the black hole and destroyed after traveling for tens of thousands of years to get there. S0-6 isn’t the only alien star circling Sgr A*. It’s part of a population of non-native stars in the region. There aren’t very many “native-born” ones there because the black hole’s intense gravity affects the surrounding environment. The extreme conditions make it hard for stars to form close to the black hole‚ although there are a few populations in the region. However‚ the stellar population containing S0-6 appears to come from somewhere else. For S0-6 and its siblings‚ the trick is to find out where that was‚ based on their ages‚ and their chemical makeup (that is‚ their metallicity). All those are clues to their history. The central parts of our Galaxy‚ the Milky Way‚ as observed in the near-infrared with the NACO instrument on ESO’s Very Large Telescope. The position of Sgr A*‚with a mass 4 million times that of the Sun‚ is marked by the orange cross. The star S2 (S0-2) made a close pass to the region of the black hole in 2018. Courtesy ESO. More About The Star S0-6 How do astronomers know S0-6 formed elsewhere? A team led by Shogo Nishiyama at Miyagi University of Education in Japan used the Subaru Telescope to study it from 2014 to 2021. They used the telescope’s Near Infrared instrument (NIR) to perform high-resolution spectroscopy on light streaming from the star. From that data‚ they determined its chemical makeup‚ as well as its radial velocity toward the black hole. At present‚ S0-6 is about 0.2 parsecs (about 0.04 light-years) away from Sgr A* and getting closer each second. Based on the metallicity‚ Nishiyama and colleagues determined that the star itself is rather metal-poor. (That means it does have some elements heavier than hydrogen and helium‚ but not in great abundance. Its surface temperature and magnitude tell them that S0-6 is a late-type red giant‚ with an age of no more than 10 billion years (so‚ about twice as old as the Sun). It also doesn’t travel alone. There are many other stars of similar age and metallicity in a cluster around the Sgr A* region. However‚ most of them don’t match the metallicities of stars that were born in the Milky Way. Chemically‚ they’re more similar to those in the Large Magellanic Cloud or other dwarf galaxies near our own. An example of a dwarf galaxy being shredded (eventually to be cannibalized) by the Milky Way. This image shows the model of the tidally shredded Sagittarius dwarf galaxy wrapping around a 3-D representation of the Milky Way disk (flattened blue spiral). The yellow dot represents the position of the Sun. Stars such as S0-2 and S0-6 likely came from another dwarf galaxy also consumed by the Milky Way in the distant past. Credit: UCLA/D.R. Law So‚ Where Was This Star Born? Nishiyama’s team suggests that this star (and others of its cohort) was born in a nuclear star cluster in a dwarf galaxy entirely separate from the Milky Way. Beyond that‚ they need more information to decide its origin. “There are still many questions according to Nishiyama‚ “Did S0-6 really originate outside the Milky Way galaxy? Does it have any companions‚ or did it travel alone? With further investigation‚ we hope to unravel the mysteries of stars near the supermassive black hole.” The star experienced a very different chemical evolution in its home galaxy‚ compared to those born in our Milky Way. There’s a difference in metallic abundance between the ones born in the Milky Way and those that come from outside. That difference is due to a lot of factors‚ including the initial abundance of gases and other materials in the galaxy at the time of star formation. Astronomers can tell the difference between “native” Milky Way stellar populations and those from other galaxies that have been cannibalized through collisions and mergers. Over time‚ that galaxy encountered the Milky Way. All its components got swept up into our galaxy and the cluster containing S0-6 began a long‚ slow spiral into the galactic core. Over its 10-billion-year-long lifetime‚ this star likely traveled 50‚000 light-years across the depths of space from its birthplace outside the Milky Way to its current location. Now‚ it’s subject to the gravitational influence of Sgr A. During the time the research team monitored its motions‚ they saw its radial velocity accelerate slightly. That tells them that S0-6 is being pulled and influenced by Sgr A. Probing the Black Hole Neighborhood Stars such as this one are unique in the galaxy. Not only did they come from somewhere else‚ but they provide information about gravitational conditions surrounding the central supermassive black hole. As they get closer to the black hole‚ they move faster. The speed of that acceleration will provide clues to the strength of the black hole’s pull at various distances. In that sense‚ Nishiyama’s team considers them to be virtual “test particles” moving through the gravitational field. Not only have they studied S0-6‚ but they spent several years studying the motions of another one‚ S)-2/S2. It has an orbital period around the black hole of about 16 years. What they’ve learned about its motions also tells them more about the physical characteristics of Sgr A*. For example‚ they’ve determined its mass to be close to 4.23 million solar masses. Observations of other S-type stars (including S0-6) give a fairly precise mass of the black hole and their continued motions promise more data about conditions around Sgr A*. For More Information 10 Billion Year‚ 50‚000 Light-year Journey to Black HoleOrigin of an Orbiting Star Around the Galactic Supermassive Black Hole The post A Star Near the Center of the Milky Way is a Visitor from Beyond appeared first on Universe Today.

The Milky Way is a spiral galaxy. More specifically‚ it is a barred spiral galaxy‚ meaning that within its central region‚ there is a bar shape off of which the spirals emanate. About two-thirds of spiral galaxies are barred spirals‚ and astronomers have thought this difference is just a variance in how density waves cluster stars in a galaxy. But a new study suggests that the bar of the Milky Way may have been caused by an ancient collision with another galaxy. Although it is our home‚ the Milky Way is in some ways the least understood galaxy. It’s difficult for us to map its structure in detail. Fortunately‚ large sky surveys such as the one by the Gaia spacecraft are finally giving us a detailed view. One of the things Gaia has shown is that several galaxies have collided with the Milky Way in the past. One of the largest collisions is known as the Gaia Sausage. It is the remains of a dwarf galaxy that struck the Milky Way about 8 – 11 billion years ago. As a result of this collision‚ our galaxy gained about 50 billion solar masses‚ and at least 8 globular clusters. Gaia observations show the remnants of this collision in the velocity distribution of stars in our galaxy. Computer simulation of a collision producing a barred spiral. Credit: Merrow‚ et al Interestingly‚ 8 – 11 billion years ago was around the same time that the Milky Way developed its barred spiral structure. So the team wanted to find out if there was a connection. Using computer simulations‚ they looked at how galactic collisions could result in a barred galaxy. Earlier studies have shown that galactic collisions can often create a barred structure‚ so simply showing a collision could have formed via a collision isn’t a strong argument that it did. So the team focused on the particular timing of how the bar formed. Based on their simulations‚ the team found that without the Gaia Sausage collision‚ there could be a 2 billion-year delay in the formation of a bar. The conditions of the early Milky Way would in some ways act to delay bar formation. With the Gaia Sausage collision‚ a bar formed much earlier in the simulations. So while the study doesn’t prove the Milky Way’s bar was directly caused by the Gaia Sausage collision‚ it does show that evidence for an old bar structure strongly implies that its formation was triggered by the collision. As more sky surveys come online‚ and we continue to make a detailed map of our galaxy‚ we will better understand the dynamics of our galactic structure. For now‚ however‚ it seems that barring a collision the Milky Way may have remained a simple spiral galaxy for billions of years. Reference: Merrow‚ Alex‚ et al. “Did the Gaia Enceladus/Sausage merger form the Milky Way’s bar?” arXiv preprint arXiv:2312.02318 (2023). The post Did the Last Great Galactic Merger Create the Milky Way's Bar? appeared first on Universe Today.

Don't throw out your braising liquid after you make a brisket (or any braised meat): Save it and create a savory‚ rich sauce that can be used in many dishes.

McDonald's customers have long begged for the return of the chain's Snack Wraps and a recent announcement may signal the return of the beloved favorite.

White Claw is known for its alcoholic beverages‚ but what about its new non-alcoholic line? See our review on White Claw's new non-alcoholic flavors.

Costco has introduced new shopping carts‚ but it seems these larger carts feel clunkier and harder to maneuver for many of the warehouse store's customers.

Border Hawk spoke to migrants who told us they receive information at the shelter about where and when to cross into the U.S. “They direct us towards the river and make it easier for us to cross‚” migrant tells Border Hawk. A constant stream of migrants are being funneled to a shelter run by Mexican authorities and NGOs in Piedras Negras‚ Mexico‚ directly across the border from Eagle Pass‚ Texas. In Border Hawk’s latest exclusive report‚ we delve deeper into how highly-synchronized border crossings by massive groups of illegal migrants are being organized by ‘mysterious hands’ in Mexico. 🚨🚨BOMBSHELL EXCLUSIVE🚨🚨Mexican Authorities‚ NGOs FUNNELING Thousands of Migrants Through Border Shelter Where GPS Coordinates Are Provided for Mass Crossings Into U.S.“They direct us towards the river and make it easier for us to cross‚” migrant tells Border Hawk.A… pic.twitter.com/mtNiM2ScW4— Border Hawk (@BorderHawkNews) December 8‚ 2023 Migrants typically spend just hours at the shelter in Piedras Negras before they are given GPS coordinates and instructions on where to gather at special points along Rio Grande before storming across the river en masse.Alex Jones' latest bestselling book 'The Great Awakening' is NOW AVAILABLE! Secure your limited edition autographed today! These coordinated crossings usually involve up to 300 migrants and sometimes occur twice a day‚ on pre-established routes and times. Border Hawk spoke to migrants who told us they receive information at the shelter about where and when to cross into the U.S. A migrant named Gilbert videocalled Border Hawk from the shelter and explained that migrants are banned from taking photos or videos while inside. He told us he had been ordered to join a group heading to the Rio Grande‚ and that anyone who returned to the shelter would be turned over to Mexican immigration authorities. Border Hawk’s investigative reporting into the mass migration catastrophe continues… 🚨🚨BREAKING EXCLUSIVE: Illegal Aliens Receiving GPS COORDINATES for Mass Crossings Into US🚨🚨Hundreds of illegal aliens are slamming the U.S. southern border every day in mob crossings that are clearly pre-planned and organized by ‘mysterious hands.’While embedded with a… pic.twitter.com/hLigL6SMna— Border Hawk (@BorderHawkNews) November 27‚ 2023 VIDEO: Illegal Immigrants Thank Biden as They Cross US Border