With all the frightening headlines being made by faulty Boeing aircraft these days‚ many people are looking for alternative methods of transportation. If you have an upcoming trip‚ you may want to consider a few different options for your safety.

The total solar eclipse on April 8 plunged Syracuse‚ New York';s Milton J. Rubenstein Museum of Science &;amp; Technology into darkness for 90 seconds‚ creating a wondrous and memorable totality.

Today we discuss a variety of composting methods. Often people say what is the best method. Well that as always is an it depends. Bioreactor composting is my gold standard but it takes a year to make and a certain Continue reading

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In a couple billion years‚ our Sun will be unrecognizable. It will swell up and become a red giant‚ then shrink again and become a white dwarf. The inner planets arent expected to survive all the mayhem these transitions unleash‚ but what will happen to them? What will happen to the outer planets?Right now‚ our Sun is about 4.6 billion years old. Its firmly in the main sequence now‚ meaning its going about its business fusing hydrogen into helium and releasing energy. But even though its about 330‚000 times more massive than the Earth‚ and nearly all of that mass is hydrogen fuel‚ it will eventually run out. In another five billion years or so‚ its vast reservoir of hydrogen will suffer depletion. As it burns through its hydrogen‚ the Sun will lose mass. As it loses mass‚ its gravity weakens and can no longer counteract the outward force driven by fusion. A star is a balancing act between the outward expansion of fusion and the inward force of gravity. Eventually‚ the Suns billions-of-years-long balancing act will totter.With weakened gravity‚ the Sun will begin to expand and become a red giant. This illustration shows the current-day Sun at about 4.6 billion years old. In the future‚ the Sun will expand and become a red giant. Image Credit: By Oona Risnen (User:Mysid)‚ User:Mrsanitazier. Vectorized in Inkscape by Mysid on a JPEG by Mrsanitazier (en:Image: Sun Red Giant2.jpg). CC BY-SA 3.0‚ https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=2585107The Sun will almost certainly consume Mercury and Venus when it becomes a red giant. It will expand and become about 256 times larger than it is now. The inner two planets are too close‚ and theres no way they can escape the swelling star. Earths fate is less certain. It may be swallowed by the giant Sun‚ or it may not. But even if it isnt consumed‚ it will lose its oceans and atmosphere and become uninhabitable. The Sun will be a red giant for about one billion years. After that‚ it will undergo a series of more rapid changes‚ shrinking and expanding again. But the mayhem doesnt end there. The Sun will pulse and shed its outer layers before being reduced to a tiny remnant of what it once was: a white dwarf.An artists impression of a white dwarf star. The material inside white dwarfs is tightly packed‚ making them extremely dense. Image credit: Mark Garlick / University of Warwick.This will happen to the Sun‚ its ilk‚ and almost all stars that host planets. Even the long-lived red dwarfs (M-dwarfs) will eventually become white dwarfs‚ though their path is different. Astronomers know the fate of planets too close to the stars undergoing these tumultuous changes. But what happens to planets further away? To their moons? To asteroids and comets?New research published in The Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society digs into the issue. The title is Long-term variability in debris transiting white dwarfs‚ and the lead author is Dr. Amornrat Aungwerojwit of Naresuan University in Thailand. Practically all known planet hosts will evolve eventually into white dwarfs‚ and large parts of the various components of their planetary systemsplanets‚ moons‚ asteroids‚ and cometswill survive that metamorphosis‚ the authors write. Theres lots of observational evidence for this. Astronomers have detected planetary debris polluting the photospheres of white dwarfs‚ and theyve also found compact debris disks around white dwarfs. Those findings show that not everything survives the main sequence to red giant to white dwarf transition.Previous research had shown that when asteroids‚ moons and planets get close to white dwarfs‚ the huge gravity of these stars rips these small planetary bodies into smaller and smaller pieces‚ said lead author Aungwerojwit.This Hubble Space Telescope shows Sirius‚ with its white dwarf companion Sirius B to the lower left. Sirius B is the closest white dwarf to the Sun. Credit: NASA‚ ESA‚ H. Bond (STScI) and M. Barstow (University of Leicester). In this research‚ the authors observed three white dwarfs over the span of 17 years. They analyzed the changes in brightness that occurred. Each of the three stars behaved differently. When planets orbit stars‚ their transits are orderly and predictable. Not so with debris. The fact that the three white dwarfs showed such disorderly transits means theyre being orbited by debris. It also means the nature of that debris is changing. The unpredictable nature of these transits can drive astronomers crazyone minute they are there‚ the next they are gone.Professor Boris Gaensicke‚ University of WarwickAs small bodies like asteroids and moons are torn into small pieces‚ they collide with one another until nothings left but dust. The dust forms clouds and disks that orbit and rotate around the white dwarfs. Professor Boris Gaensicke of the University of Warwick is one of the studys co-authors. The simple fact that we can detect the debris of asteroids‚ maybe moons or even planets whizzing around a white dwarf every couple of hours is quite mind-blowing‚ but our study shows that the behaviour of these systems can evolve rapidly‚ in a matter of a few years‚ Gaensicke said. While we think we are on the right path in our studies‚ the fate of these systems is far more complex than we could have ever imagined‚ added Gaensicke.This artists illustration shows the white dwarf WD J0914+1914 (Not part of this research.) A Neptune-sized planet orbits the white dwarf‚ and the white dwarf is drawing material away from the planet and forming a debris disk around the star. Image Credit: By ESO/M. Kornmesser https://www.eso.org/public/images/eso1919a/‚ CC BY 4.0‚ https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=84618722During the 17 years of observations‚ all three white dwarfs showed variability. The first white dwarf (ZTF J0328?1219) was steady and stable until a major catastrophic event around 2011. This might suggest that the system underwent a large collisional event around 2011‚ resulting in the production of large amounts of dust occulting the white dwarf‚ which has since then gradually dispersed‚ though leaving sufficient material to account for the ongoing transit activity‚ which implies continued dust production‚ the researchers explain.The second white dwarf (ZTF J0923+4236) dimmed irregularly every couple of months and displayed chaotic variability on the timescale of minutes. These long-term changes may be the result of the ongoing disruption of a planetesimal or the collision between multiple fragments‚ both leading to a temporarily increased dust production‚ the authors explain in their paper. The third star (WD 1145+017) showed large variations in numbers‚ shapes and depths of transits in 2015. This activity concurs with a large increase in transit activity‚ followed by a subsequent gradual re-brightening‚ the authors explain‚ adding that the overall trends seen in the brightness of WD?1145+017 are linked to varying amounts of transit activity.But now all those transits are gone. The unpredictable nature of these transits can drive astronomers crazyone minute they are there‚ the next they are gone‚ said Gaensicke. And this points to the chaotic environment they are in.But astronomers have also found planetesimals‚ planets‚ and giant planets around white dwarfs‚ indicating that the stars transitions from main sequence to red giant dont destroy everything. The dust and debris that astronomers see around these white dwarfs might come from asteroids or from moons pulled free from their giant planets. For the rest of theSolar System‚ some of the asteroids located between Mars and Jupiter‚ and maybe some of the moons of Jupiter may get dislodged and travel close enough to the eventual white dwarf to undergo the shredding process we have investigated‚ said Professor Gaensicke. When our Sun finally becomes a white dwarf‚ it will likely have debris around it. But the debris wont be from Earth. One way or another‚ the Sun will destroy Earth during its red giant phase. Whether or not the Earth can just move out fast enough before the Sun can catch up and burn it is not clear‚ but [if it does] the Earth would [still] lose its atmosphere and ocean and not be a very nice place to live‚ explained Professor Gaensicke. The post What Happens to Solar Systems When Stars Become White Dwarfs? appeared first on Universe Today.

NASAs Parker Solar Probe has been in studying the Sun for the last six years. In 2021 it was hit directly by a coronal mass ejection when it was a mere 10 million kilometres from the solar surface. Luckily it was gathering data and images enabling scientists to piece together an amazing video. The interactions between the solar wind and the coronal mass ejection were measured giving an unprecedented view of the solar corona.The Sun is a fascinating object and as our local star‚ has been the subject of many studies. There are still mysteries though and it was hoping to unravel some of these that the NASA Parker Solar Probe was launched. It was sent on its way by the Delta IV heavy back in 2018 and has flown seven times closer to the Sun than any spacecraft before it.Illustration of the Parker Solar Probe spacecraft approaching the Sun. Credits: Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics LaboratoryBy the time Parker completes its seven year mission it will have completed 24 orbits of the Sun and flown to within 6.2 million kilometres to the visible surface. For this to happen‚ its going to get very hot so the probe has a 11.4cm thick carbon composite shield to keep its components as cool as possible in the searing 1‚377 Celsius temperatures.Flying within the Suns outer atmosphere‚ the corona‚ the probe picked up turbulence inside a coronal mass ejection as it interacted with the solar wind. These events are eruptions of large amounts of highly magnetised and energetic plasma from within the Suns corona. When directed toward Earth they can cause magnetic and radio disruptions in many ways from communications to power systems.Image of a coronal mass ejection being discharged from the Sun. (Credit: NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center/Solar Dynamics Observatory)Using the Wide Field Imager for Parker Solar Probe (WISPR) and its prime position inside the solar atmosphere‚ unprecedented footage was captured (click on this link for the video). The science team from the US Naval Research Laboratory revealed what seemed like turbulent eddies‚ so called Kelvin-Helmholtz instabilities (KHIs) in one of the images. Turbulent eddy structures like these have been seen in the atmosphere of terrestrial planets. Strong wind shear between upper and lower cloud levels causes thin trains of crescent wave like clouds.Member of the WISPR team Evangelos Paouris PhD was the eagle eyed individual that spotted the disturbance. Paouris and team analysed the structure to verify the waves. The discovery of these rare features in the CME have opened up a whole new field of investigations. The KHIs are the result of turbulence which plays a key role in the movement of CMEs as they flow through the ambient solar wind. Understanding the CMEs and their dynamics of CMEs and a more fuller understanding of the Suns corona. This doesnt just help us understand the Sun but also helps to understand the effect of CMEs on Earth and our space based technology.Source :WISPR Team Images Turbulence within Solar Transients for the First TimeThe post WISPR Team Images Turbulence within Solar Transients for the First Time appeared first on Universe Today.