Deep Rock Galactic has a home on Xbox Series X|S‚ Xbox One‚ and Game Pass. That said‚ is Deep Rock Galactic: Survivor on Xbox? What platforms is Deep Rock Galactic Survivor available on? Currently‚ Deep Rock Galactic: Survivor isn’t available on Xbox Series X|S or Xbox One. It’s only available on PC right now. The silver lining here is that it’s in Early Access. Related: Is Deep Rock Galactic: Survivor multiplayer? Co-op‚ explained Deep Rock Galactic: Survivor is only available on PC via Steam‚ but that could change in the future. Since it is in Early Access‚ anything can happen. While Ghost Ship Games is publishing‚ Funday Games‚ the developers of Deep Rock Galactic: Survivor have a living roadmap with lots of fun to come. On the Deep Rock Galactic: Survivor living roadmap‚ there is no mention of Xbox or Game Pass integration. It doesn’t say anything about PlayStation 4 or PlayStation 5 integration‚ either. But‚ just because that isn’t list...

For years‚ scientists have been poring over old ship logs‚ scouring weather reports for clues about changes in the Earth’s climate. But there was a World War II-sized hole in their research: the hostilities disrupted commercial shipping and reduced the number of weather reports sailors were producing. Trade between the United States and Asia‚ in particular‚ ground to a halt. Of course‚ there were plenty of naval ships patrolling the Pacific from 1941-1945. And they were under orders to log their whereabouts and record the weather conditions every hour and to do so in a standardized way. However‚ the military classified this meteorological motherlode and made it off-limits to climate researchers. A breakthrough finally came in 2017 when the National Archives declassified 192‚500 pages of U.S. Navy Command files‚ mostly from the Pacific and mostly from 1941 to 1946.   Now researchers faced another hurdle. Since the records were mostly on paper‚ they needed to be scanned‚ photographed‚ and transcribed before scientists worldwide could analyze them—a labor-intensive project indeed. Fortunately‚ there already existed a group of citizen-researchers‚ working under the name Old Weather‚ who had years of experience crowdsourcing the work of transcribing old ship logs to help climate scientists. So a team led by Praveen Teleti‚ a climate modeler at Britain’s University of Reading‚ started the Old Weather-WW2 project and asked the public for help. For a year and a half‚ 4‚050 volunteers helped digitize 630‚000 records from 19 ships—three battleships‚ an aircraft carrier‚ eight destroyers‚ six cruisers‚ and a gunboat. Teleti said the project was sped along by the COVID-19 pandemic‚ which kept people at home with time on their hands.   The project doubled the number of weather observations available in some parts of the Pacific. The results were published in Geoscience Data Journal in September 2023. Now scientists can begin to use the data the citizen-researchers compiled to get a better understanding of changes in the climate. Among other things‚ they hope to learn more about a mysterious uptick in wartime sea surface temperatures—the so-called “World War II warm anomaly”—that may‚ in fact‚ have more to do with the way sailors collected the data. And they hope to expand their understanding of Typhoon Cobra‚ a cyclone that hit the U.S. Pacific Fleet in December 1944‚ sinking three destroyers and killing nearly 800 men.

Anyone who explores Civil War–era history should pay close attention to how people at the time understood and used key words. “Freedom” ranks among the most important of such words. Americans of the 21st century almost always address questions relating to freedom within a context of slavery and emancipation. This approach often yields insights regarding mid–19th century people‚ across racial lines‚ who found themselves challenged by the war’s life-changing events. Yet such assumptions about how the White population in the free states used “freedom” also can lead us astray. For a broad spectrum of the loyal citizenry of the United States‚ including almost all Democrats‚ the word could have conjured images not of ending slavery but of guaranteeing and extending their own liberty and freedom in a nation where‚ politically and economically‚ the cards were not stacked irrevocably against common people. George F. Root’s song The Battle-Cry of Freedom offers an opportunity to explore this phenomenon. Among the most popular compositions for loyal soldiers and civilians‚ its sheet music sold more than 500‚000 copies in the 19th century. Root’s lyrics not only shed light on what mattered to those who sang and listened to them‚ but they also demonstrate the importance of ascribing contemporary meanings to language deployed by the Civil War generation. “Freedom” is the key word in the song’s title. A reasonable conclusion might be that Root‚ writing in the summer of 1862‚ authored a call for White men to enlist and end the practice of human bondage by force of arms. After all‚ Congress already had outlawed slavery in the District of Columbia and the Federal territories (on April 16 and June 19‚ 1862‚ respectively)‚ and discussion of more general emancipation grew increasingly heated inside and outside Congress. However plausible‚ such an interpretation fails to account for the origins of the song and its great appeal in the United States. “I heard of President Lincoln’s second call for troops one afternoon while reclining on a lounge in my brother’s house‚” Root recalled in his memoirs. “Immediately I started a song in my mind‚” he continued‚ “words and music together: ‘Yes‚ we’ll rally round the flag‚ boys‚ we’ll rally once again‚ / Shouting the battle-cry of freedom!’” Root thought about the piece through the rest of the day and finished it the following morning. “From there the song went into the army‚” he remembered with obvious pride‚ “and the testimony in regard to its use in the camp and on the march‚ and even on the field of battle‚ from soldiers and officers‚ up to generals‚ and even to the good President himself‚ made me thankful that if I could not shoulder a musket in defense of my country I could serve her in this way.” George F. Root was especially proud that his battle song was popular with soldiers and the president‚ hoping that his lack of military service was absolved through the service of his song to the U.S. Army and the country. Emancipation almost certainly did not preoccupy Root as he composed what he termed a “rallying song.” Lincoln’s call for the governors of loyal states to supply 300‚000 3-year volunteers‚ dated July 1‚ 1862‚ and released to the press the next day‚ sought to boost volunteering across the United States. National conscription lay many months in the future‚ as did large-scale recruitment of African Americans‚ so anything that might help place more White men in uniform during the summer of 1862 would assist the Lincoln administration and the war effort. For the song’s targeted audience‚ “Union” provided the hook‚ with preservation of existing American freedom as one of the obvious benefits of vanquishing the Rebels. The chorus conveyed the principal message: “The Union forever‚ Hurrah‚ boys‚ Hurrah! / Down with the traitor‚ Up with the star; / While we rally round the flag‚ boys‚ / Rally once again‚ Shouting the battle-cry of Freedom.” Echoing Daniel Webster’s famous call for “Liberty and Union‚ now and forever‚” the chorus supported the idea of a perpetual Union so dear to Lincoln and countless others. The second verse tied prospective volunteers to White men who had enlisted earlier and suffered casualties that left military units shorthanded: “We are springing to the call / Of our brothers gone before‚ / Shouting the battle cry of Freedom; / And we’ll fill our vacant ranks / With a million free men more‚ / Shouting the battle cry of Freedom.” The third verse invited all classes of men to step forward with a promise of rights within the Union: “We will welcome to our numbers / The loyal‚ true‚ and brave‚ / Shouting the battle cry of Freedom‚ / And although he may be poor‚ / Not a man shall be a slave‚ / Shouting the battle cry of Freedom.” The last verse spoke to a national effort uniting geographical sections: “So we’re springing to the call / From the East and from the West‚ / Shouting the battle cry of Freedom‚ / And we’ll hurl the rebel crew / From the land we love the best‚ / Shouting the battle cry of freedom.” Root’s lyrics brilliantly engaged the pool of military-age White men in the loyal states—“free men” who‚ by taking up arms‚ would guarantee continued “freedom” and prevent their domination by southern slaveholders. These words appealed on the basis of a free labor vision of the American nation with a Constitution and representative form of government designed‚ as Abraham Lincoln put it‚ “to clear the paths of laudable pursuit for all—to afford all‚ an unfettered start‚ and a fair chance‚ in the race of life.” Many in the North believed that slaveholding oligarchs denied such a path‚ and thus real freedom‚ to non-slaveholding White people in the South‚ and that the Slave Power’s inordinate influence in the antebellum federal government had presented a continuing obstacle to greater expansion of political and economic opportunity. Root translated Webster’s soaring rhetoric into a paean to Union with an infectious melody and well-crafted lyrics that spread through army camps and patriotic gatherings on the civilian front. As the war progressed‚ emancipation joined restoring the Union as a stated national goal‚ and Black men entered the army in significant numbers. Those striking changes meant that Root’s memorable song could summon thoughts of both preserving freedom long enjoyed by White Americans and expanding freedom to millions of African Americans who had suffered under the tyranny of slavery. This article originally appeared in the Spring 2024 issue of Civil War Times magazine.

Putin: Of Course We Prefer Biden

Dolly Parton Had a Coat of Many Colors. Joe Biden's Threat Level Only Has One.

Satan Walks Among Us

NASA’s Perseverance has spent 1‚063 days on Mars exploring the rocks and structures of Jezero Crater and its river delta. It has been collecting samples to be sent to Earth and analyzing rocks. But for over a month‚ one of its instruments has not been working‚ and mission specialists have not yet been able to solve the problem.One of the most intriguing instruments on Perseverance is SHERLOC‚ a bulky backronym for Scanning Habitable Environments with Raman &; Luminescence for Organics &; Chemicals. The instrument uses lasers to hit interesting targets‚ and its camera and spectrometers use the hit of the laser to look for water-altered minerals and organics. The holy grail of this quest is a biosignature‚ evidence of life (past or extant) on Mars.The instrument has already provided important insights into the Red Planet. Unfortunately‚ on January 6‚ one of the two covers that protect the instrument from dust wouldn’t open. Since then‚ engineering approaches have been successful at partially opening it‚ but the team is still at work to understand what has happened to cover and how they might fix it for good.The mechanical problem has partially disabled SHERLOC. It can take images through its WATSON (Wide Angle Topographic Sensor for Operations and eNgineering) camera‚ but laser scanning and spectrometry were performed through the aperture that is not fully opening now.SHERLOC is not the only instrument on Perseverance‚ so even if the team can’t find a solution this is not the end of the mission. The rover has six other instruments and they are all working fine. Some of the instruments have overlapping capabilities.Perseverance has recently lost its exploration companion‚ the little helicopter Ingenuity. A flight malfunction led to a broken rotor‚ and so the first flying vehicle on another world was set down for good.

The animal kingdom has a multitude of tricks for surviving harsh weather conditions and long‚ cold winters. From snuggling down in a cave to sleep away the worst of the weather‚ to shutting down all but the most basic of functions as a way to save energy‚ we break down the differences between the ways these animals are surviving.What is hibernation?When the temperatures are lower and food is harder to find‚ animals from mice to birds and bats go into a long deep sleep. In the UK‚ the Wildlife Trust lists only three species that truly hibernate: bats‚ dormice‚ and hedgehogs. Hibernation means the body's processes will slow down almost completely‚ with reduced heart and breathing rates. The metabolic rate is lowered as a means to save energy‚ and animals survive in this state by using the fat reserves that they have built up in the autumn. Animals in hibernation look almost dead and most likely feel cold to the touch. In fact‚ according to National Geographic‚ the arctic ground squirrel (Spermophilus parryii) can cool their bodies to sub-freezing temperatures for hibernation.  In true hibernation‚ the heart rate is also lowered. According to Scientific American dwarf lemurs (genus Cheirogaleus) in Madagascar have a typical active heart rate of around 180 beats per minute. During hibernation‚ this can go down as low as 4 beats per minute.What is torpor?Torpor is hibernation's most overlooked cousin. In this state‚ an animal's metabolism‚ heart rate‚ and breathing all slow down in a similar way to hibernation. However‚ torpor is more easily entered and emerged from and doesn’t last as long as true hibernation. A torpor state can even be entered into every day and is most often a trend in endotherms living in arid areas.The fat-tailed dunnart (Sminthopsis crassicaudata) is a carnivorous marsupial and can use this daily torpor to survive when its diet of insects might be in short supply. Birds like the common poorwill (Phalaenoptilus nuttallii)‚ whose name means "sleeping one"‚ can also enter torpor‚ writes the Audubon Society.  Compared to hibernation‚ topor does not last as long‚ and does not have quite the same drastic effect on the internal temperature of the body.Do bears hibernate?Many people get taught that bears hibernate through the long winter but scientists aren’t sure whether this is strictly true. It could be that bears are more likely in torpor since their metabolic rate is massively reduced but their body temperature doesn’t fall. It could be that a reduction in body temperature would be too hard to wake up from. What is brumation?Reptiles‚ including snakes‚ and amphibians do undergo a kind of state similar to hibernation called brumation. In North Carolina and Texas‚ crocodiles were seen brumating under sheets of frozen ice with just their snouts visible. This again shows the key signs of lowered breathing and metabolic rate‚ but the animals will continue to drink‚ but not eat‚ and are not in quite as deep a sleep state. What is aestivation?While‚ typically‚ brumation‚ torpor‚ and hibernation are seen as ways to survive cold weather‚ there is another kind of state animals can enter to survive hot temperature extremes. Aestivation is most often seen in fish and invertebrates and helps prevent animals from drying out. Similar to hibernation‚ it also involves the slowing of an animal’s metabolic rate. Unlike hibernation‚ aestivation can end fairly quickly when the weather conditions improve.African lungfish (Protopterus annectens) can aestivate by encasing themselves in cocoons of mucus during a drought‚ per National Geographic. Can humans hibernate?While humans can enter sleep states such as medically induced comas‚ people cannot truly hibernate. However‚ the remarkable ability of animals to undergo these complex survival methods is being looked at by NASA for its potential applications for human spaceflight. 

Ancient paintings on the walls of a Patagonian cave have been dated to 8‚200 years ago‚ making them the oldest known rock art in the region by several millennia. Staggeringly‚ researchers also found that the markings were built up over a period of roughly 3‚000 years‚ suggesting that the illustrations were used to transmit cultural knowledge for around 130 generations.Located within the harsh‚ arid desert of northwest Patagonia‚ in what is now Argentina‚ the Cueva Huenel 1 (CH1) site is known among archaeologists for its enormous concentration of prehistoric artworks‚ consisting of geometric shapes and patterns including human forms and strange‚ comb-like figures. Previously‚ the paintings were believed to be just a few thousand years old‚ yet the authors of a new study have now revealed that the markings stretch all the way back to the Late Holocene. Using direct radiocarbon dating of the plant-based pigments with which the drawings were produced‚ the researchers discovered that the CH1 artworks are several thousand years older than expected‚ and that they remained consistent in their design over three millennia. Oddly‚ the cave shows no signs of having been lived in during this period‚ with an absence of stone tools or butchered animal bones‚ although a pit filled with plant material that had been dyed with red ocher was present.The study authors therefore suspect that the cave represented a “cultural keystone place”‚ where ancient hunter-gatherers stored local knowledge and met to maintain tribal connections and conduct rituals over many years. Such focal points‚ they suggest‚ enabled the sparsely populated communities that inhabited Patagonia to remain connected at a time when extreme heat and dryness made survival incredibly challenging.“The emergence of rock art at CH1 is recorded since [8‚200 years ago] against a challenging environmental background‚ where the ability to maintain connectivity and demographic viability would have been crucial‚” write the researchers. “We suggest that the standardized painting events – and other pigment-related activities – practiced over generations sought to maintain large-scale safety nets by storing information rooted in collective memory and guaranteeing social preservation beyond oral tradition‚” they continue.In total‚ the study authors analyzed 895 separate paintings that encompassed 446 motifs‚ all of which were continually reproduced using the same pigments over thousands of years.By providing a “place-based sense of identity”‚ the cave may have enabled dwindling numbers of people to stick together across a vast‚ unforgiving landscape. At a time when human populations in South American deserts were “experiencing repeated crashes”‚ the lifeline provided by CH1 and its communicative illustrations may have been the difference between survival and annihilation.The study is published in the journal Science Advances.

A new study looking at impact cratering on Titan has found bad news in the search for life on the moon‚ and potentially other icy moons of the Solar System as well.Titan‚ Saturn's largest moon‚ is often thought of as a potential candidate for life. The moon is the only place in the Solar System – other than Earth – where liquids are known to be present on the surface‚ making up rivers‚ lakes and seas.These water features are made of liquid hydrocarbons‚ the bulk of which is methane. More intriguing to scientists looking for life is the giant subsurface ocean‚ thought to be more than 12 times the volume of Earth's oceans‚ locked beneath the planet's icy crust and stretching 55 to 80 kilometers (35 to 50 miles) below the ground."Titan’s rivers‚ lakes and seas of liquid methane and ethane might serve as a habitable environment on the moon’s surface‚ though any life there would likely be very different from Earth’s life‚" NASA explains of the moon. "Titan could potentially harbor environments with conditions suitable for life – meaning both life as we know it (in the subsurface ocean) and life as we don’t know it (in the hydrocarbon liquid on the surface)."Liquid water under the surface is of course promising for life‚ but for life to emerge you also need organics. It was thought that these ingredients could be delivered to the ocean below‚ where they could be swirled around and heated and potentially spark life via the impacts of space objects. The idea was that the surface – rich in organics – would mix with the subsurface ocean as objects impact the surface and melt pools of water in the ice. Being denser than the surrounding ice‚ this would then sink down to the subsurface ocean.However‚ a study from the University of Western Ontario attempted to estimate how many comets impact the moon per year‚ and the quantity of organics which would be delivered to the subsurface ocean through these impacts. Unfortunately‚ the team found that the volume of glycine – the simplest amino acid – delivered to the ocean would only be around 7‚500 kilograms (16‚500 pounds)‚ or around the weight of an adult elephant."One elephant per year of glycine into an ocean 12 times the volume of Earth's oceans is not sufficient to sustain life‚" astrobiologist Catherine Neish said in a press release. "In the past‚ people often assumed that water equals life‚ but they neglected the fact that life needs other elements‚ in particular carbon.""This work shows that it is very hard to transfer the carbon on Titan's surface to its subsurface ocean –basically‚ it's hard to have both the water and carbon needed for life in the same place‚" Neish added.Given that Titan has more organics on its surface than the other icy moons of Saturn and Jupiter‚ this puts a bit of a dampener on our search for life within the Solar System."Unfortunately‚ we will now need to be a little less optimistic when searching for extraterrestrial lifeforms within our own Solar System‚" Neish said. "The scientific community has been very excited about finding life in the icy worlds of the outer Solar System‚ and this finding suggests that it may be less likely than we previously assumed."Nevertheless‚ there is still a little wiggle room. Life could be possible‚ for instance‚ if there were more organics on the surface than previously estimated‚ if organics could come from the core‚ or other processes could deliver organics from the surface to the ocean below."It is nearly impossible to determine the composition of Titan's organic-rich surface by viewing it with a telescope through its organic-rich atmosphere‚" Neish added. "We need to land there and sample the surface to determine its composition."Fortunately‚ NASA plans to do just that with the Dragonfly mission‚ which will see a flying vehicle hop around the moon's surface. Neish‚ who is part of the Dragonfly team‚ says that this research could help identify interesting places to land."If all the melt produced by impacts sinks into the ice crust‚ we wouldn't have samples near the surface where water and organics have mixed. These are regions where Dragonfly could search for the products of those prebiotic reactions‚ teaching us about how life may arise on different planets‚" said Neish."The results from this study are even more pessimistic than I realized with regards to the habitability of Titan's surface ocean‚ but it also means that more interesting prebiotic environments exist near Titan's surface‚ where we can sample them with the instruments on Dragonfly."The study is published in Astrobiology.