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If you’re fascinated by Nature‚ these images of spiral galaxies won’t help you escape your fascination. These images show incredible detail in 19 spirals‚ imaged face-on by the JWST. The galactic arms with their multitudes of stars are lit up in infrared light‚ as are the dense galactic cores‚ where supermassive black holes reside. The JWST captured these images as part of the Physics at High Angular resolution in Nearby GalaxieS (PHANGS) programme. PHANGS is a long-running program aimed at understanding how gas and star formation interact with galactic structure and evolution. One of Webb’s four primary science goals is to study how galaxies form and evolve‚ and the PHANGS program feeds that effort. The VLT‚ ALMA‚ the Hubble‚ and now the JWST have all contributed to it. But Webb’s images are the juiciest. “Webb’s new images are extraordinary. They’re mind-blowing even for researchers who have studied these same galaxies for decades.”Janice Lee‚ Project Scientists‚ Space Telescope Science Institute. The JWST can see in both near-infrared (NIR) and mid-infrared (MIR) light. That means it reveals different details‚ and more details‚ than even the powerful Hubble Space Telescope‚ which operates in visible light‚ UV light‚ and a small portion of infrared light. This is NGC 4254 (Messier 99)‚ a spiral galaxy about 50 million light-years away. It has a peculiarity to it‚ as one spiral arm is normal looking‚ and one is extended and less tightly wound. Though not a starburst galaxy‚ it forms stars three times as fast as other similar galaxies. This rapid star formation rate may have been triggered by interaction with another galaxy about 280 million years ago. With the JWST’s help‚ the PHANGS program will help astronomers understand NGC 4254’s history. Image Credit: NASA‚ ESA‚ CSA‚ STScI‚ Janice Lee (STScI)‚ Thomas Williams (Oxford)‚ PHANGS Team In these JWST high-resolution images‚ the red colour is gas and dust emitting infrared light‚ which the JWST excels at seeing. Some of the images have bright diffraction spikes in the galactic center‚ which are caused by an enormous amount of light. That can indicate that a supermassive black hole is active‚ or it could be from an extremely high concentration of stars. “That’s a clear sign that there may be an active supermassive black hole‚” said Eva Schinnerer‚ a staff scientist at the Max Planck Institute for Astronomy in Heidelberg‚ Germany. “Or‚ the star clusters toward the center are so bright that they have saturated that area of the image.” The diffraction spike in the center of NGC 1365 is a telescope artifact caused by an enormous amount of light in a compact region. It’s caused by either the active supermassive black hole or tightly grouped stars in the galactic centre. NGC 1365 is a double-barred spiral galaxy about 74 million light-years away. Image Credit: NASA‚ ESA‚ CSA‚ STScI‚ Janice Lee (STScI)‚ Thomas Williams (Oxford)‚ PHANGS Team Stars near a galaxy’s center are typically much older than stars in the arms. The further a star is from the galactic center‚ the younger it typically is. The younger stars appear blue and have blown away the cocoon of gas and dust that they spawned in. This is NGC 2835‚ a spiral galaxy about 35 million light-years away that has four or five spiral arms. Blue dots are very young stars that have blown away nearby gas and dust with their powerful UV light. Orange/red clumps are where even younger stars reside. They’re still surrounded by gas and dust. Several background galaxies are visible in the image. Image Credit: NASA‚ ESA‚ CSA‚ STScI‚ Janice Lee (STScI)‚ Thomas Williams (Oxford)‚ PHANGS Team Orange clumps indicate even younger stars. They’re still wrapped in their blanket of gas and dust and are still actively accreting material and forming. “These are where we can find the newest‚ most massive stars in the galaxies‚” said Erik Rosolowsky‚ a professor of physics at the University of Alberta in Edmonton‚ Canada. The new images were released alongside some of the Hubble’s views of the same galaxies. These highlight how observing different wavelengths of light reveals or obscures different details in the galaxies. In the PHANGS observing program‚ different telescopes have observed galaxies in visible light‚ infrared light‚ UV light‚ and radio. A Hubble Space Telescope image of NGC 628 (left) and the same galaxy as imaged by the JWST (right.) Both images are grand and inspiring and full of information‚ but the JWST image provides more detail. Large bubble-shaped gaps between concentrations of gas and dust are visible. In some of the images‚ those could be caused by supernovae. Image Credit: NASA‚ ESA‚ CSA‚ STScI‚ Janice Lee (STScI)‚ Thomas Williams (Oxford)‚ PHANGS Team Since the human eye can’t see infrared‚ different visible colours are assigned to different wavelengths of light in order to make the images meaningful. In the JWST image of NGC 628 above‚ the galaxy’s center is filled with old stars that emit some of the shortest wavelengths of light the telescope can detect. They’ve been given a blue colour to make them visible. In the Hubble image‚ the same region is more yellow and washed out. The region emits the longest wavelengths of light that the Hubble can sense‚ so it has different colour assignments than the JWST. Janice Lee is a project scientist at the Space Telescope Science Institute in Baltimore. She spoke for all of us when she said‚ “Webb’s new images are extraordinary. They’re mind-blowing even for researchers who have studied these same galaxies for decades. Bubbles and filaments are resolved down to the smallest scales ever observed and tell a story about the star formation cycle.” This is NGC 1672‚ a spiral galaxy about 60 million light-years away. It may be a type II Seyfert galaxy‚ though astronomers aren’t totally certain. It has both a bright nucleus and a surrounding starburst region. Image Credit: NASA‚ ESA‚ CSA‚ STScI‚ Janice Lee (STScI)‚ Thomas Williams (Oxford)‚ PHANGS Team These galaxies are all spiral galaxies like the Milky Way‚ meaning their massive arms define them. The spiral arms are more like waves that travel through space rather than individual stars moving collectively. Astronomers study the arms because they can provide key insights into how galaxies build‚ maintain‚ and shut off star formation. “These structures tend to follow the same pattern in certain parts of the galaxies‚” Rosolowsky added. “We think of these like waves‚ and their spacing tells us a lot about how a galaxy distributes its gas and dust.” The spiral galaxy NGC 1566 is about 60 million light-years away in the constellation Dorado. NGC is interacting with smaller member galaxies in its neighbourhood. It’s an active galaxy‚ meaning its nucleus emits a lot of light that doesn’t come from stars. Instead‚ it probably comes from the supermassive black hole at the center. NGC 1566 is extensively studied due to its proximity‚ orientation‚ its strong spiral arms and its active galactic nucleus. Image Credit: NASA‚ ESA‚ CSA‚ STScI‚ Janice Lee (STScI)‚ Thomas Williams (Oxford)‚ and the PHANGS team Ever since it began science operations‚ the JWST has given astronomers an overwhelming flow of data that will fuel research for years and decades to come. These beautiful images are just a part of a larger data release that includes a catalogue of about 100‚000 star clusters. “The amount of analysis that can be done with these images is vastly larger than anything our team could possibly handle‚” said the University of Alberta’s Erik Rosolowsky. “We’re excited to support the community so all researchers can contribute.” The post Feast Your Eyes on 19 Face-On Spiral Galaxies Seen by Webb appeared first on Universe Today.

NGC 4753 is a prime example of what happens after a galactic merger. It looks like a twisted mess‚ with dust lanes looping around the massive galactic nucleus. Astronomers long wondered what happened to this galaxy‚ and with a sharp new image created by the Gemini South telescope‚ they can finally explain its tortured past. Officially‚ NGC 4753 is classified as a “peculiar” galaxy due to its odd appearance. But‚ like other survivors of galactic mergers and acquisitions‚ it has probably had several “shapes” throughout its history. Most galaxies are classified as spirals‚ ellipticals‚ lenticulars‚ and irregulars. For this one‚ astronomers suspect it was formerly a lenticular with a substantial disk and not much in the way of spiral arms. Then‚ more than a billion years ago‚ it encountered a neighboring dwarf galaxy and they tangled together. A team led by astronomer Tom Steiman-Cameron at Indian University studied this galaxy in great detail to understand how it got the way it is today. “Galaxies that gobble up another galaxy often look like train wrecks‚” he said‚ ”and this is a train-wreck galaxy.” NGC 4753 lies in the Virgo Cluster of galaxies‚ at a distance of about 60 million light-years. It lies within its own smaller galactic collective‚ called the NGC 4753 group. The galaxy itself appears to have a dark matter shell‚ and about a thousand globular clusters orbiting its core. Its peculiar dust lanes first caught astronomers’ attention in the 20th Century‚ although the galaxy itself was discovered by William Herschel in 1784. Galactic Mergers and Acquisitions Galaxies have merged throughout the history of the Universe. In the beginning‚ small shreds of galaxies mixed with their neighbors to form larger ones. That process continued‚ creating the amazing diversity of galactic forms we see today. When galaxies meet like this‚ they mingle their stars and material. Gravitational forces sculpt the galaxies‚ and shock waves induce waves of star birth. This makes galaxies very dynamic objects‚ changing over time as they meet and mingle with their neighbors. An HST image of the interacting galaxies in IC 1623. They are plunging headlong into one another in a process known as a galactic merger. That ignited a frenzied spate of star formation known as a starburst‚ creating new stars at a rate more than twenty times that of the Milky Way galaxy. We see this process playing out across the Universe. Our own Milky Way Galaxy is the result of numerous galactic mergers since it began to form about 13 billion years ago. Each collision brought infusions of new stars and interstellar gas and dust and changed our galaxy’s appearance. Today‚ the Milky Way is a barred spiral shape‚ but it began as an indistinct lump of stars‚ gas‚ and dust in the early Universe. It continues its merger history in modern times. Astronomers are tracking the action as our galaxy gobbles up several smaller galaxies‚ including the Sagittarius Dwarf. In addition‚ the Milky Way and Andromeda galaxies will merge in about five billion years. That process will radically alter their shapes‚ too‚ resulting in a vast galaxy known as Milkdromeda. View of Milkdromeda from Earth “shortly” after the galactic merger of the Milky Way and Andromeda‚ around 3.85-3.9 billion years from now Credit: NASA‚ ESA‚ Z. Levay and R. van der Marel (STScI)‚ T. Hallas‚ and A. Mellinger A Tale of NGC 4753’s Galactic Merger When NGC 4753 began its cosmic dance‚ it tangoed with a gas-rich dwarf galaxy. Bursts of star formation triggered by the collision (and influx of gas) injected huge amounts of dust into the region. The galaxy followed a spiraling path into the collision‚ and that smeared out the dust into the disk. Ultimately‚ the activity gave the galaxy its peculiar look. “For a long time nobody knew what to make of this peculiar galaxy‚” said Steiman-Cameron. “But by starting with the idea of accreted material smeared out into a disk‚ and then analyzing the three-dimensional geometry‚ the mystery was solved. It’s now incredibly exciting to see this highly-detailed image by Gemini South 30 years later.” Steiman-Cameron and his team explain the galaxy’s peculiarity with a phenomenon known as “differential precession”. Precession occurs when a rotating object’s axis of rotation changes orientation‚ like a spinning top. Differential means that the rate of precession varies depending on the radius. For the dusty accretion disk orbiting the galactic nucleus in this collision‚ the rate of precession is faster toward the center and slower near the edges. This galactic wobble-like motion results from the angle at which NGC 4753 and its former dwarf companion collided. That resulted in the strongly twisted dust lanes threading through this galaxy. Implications for Other Peculiar Galaxies Interestingly‚ although this galaxy certainly looks weird enough in the Gemini image‚ it’s all a matter of viewing perspective. We’re looking at it from an edge-on view. That’s how we can spot the dust lanes and other features in the disk. A model of NGC 4753 as seen from various viewing orientations. From left to right and top to bottom‚ the angle of the line of sight to the galaxy’s equatorial plane ranges from 10° to 90° in steps of 10°. Although galaxies similar to NGC 4753 may not be rare‚ only certain viewing orientations allow for easy identification of a highly twisted disk. This infographic is a recreation of Figure 7 from a 1992 research paper. But‚ if we could get in a spaceship and fly directly “north” of NGC 4753 to get a “top-down” view‚ it would look pretty much like a standard spiral galaxy. Now that astronomers know about its galactic merger history‚ they can do further studies to understand its stellar populations and interactions of those bizarre dust lanes. And‚ its history may go a long way toward explaining the appearances of other “peculiar” galaxies in the Universe. For More Information Gemini South Captures Twisted Dusty Disk of NGC 4753‚ Showcasing the Aftermath of Past MergerThe Remarkable Twisted Disk of NGC 4753 and the Shapes of Galactic Halos The post The Aftermath of a Recent Galactic Merger appeared first on Universe Today.

A secret passageway.

After an absurd 83.3 million award against Donald Trump in a case with no evidence whatsoever‚ rape accuser E. Jean Carroll‚ who was bankrolled by far-left Trump-hating Democrat Reid Hoffman (who also funds Nikki)‚ who says rape is sexy‚ sounded completely crazy on Rachel Maddow’s show Monday night. This is the woman who New York […] The post To Help Women’s Rights with Trump $$$‚ E. Jean Will Go Shopping appeared first on www.independentsentinel.com.