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Terror from the Sea: Why Germany Shelled British Coastal Towns in WWI
German battlecruisers bombarded the towns of Scarborough, Hartlepool, and Whitby in an early morning raid. The Great War’s violence now came to British shores. Like many attacks, the aggressors deliberately chose their targets. Bombarding civilian towns elevated the barrage’s psychological impact. Here, German shells, like Luftwaffe bombs in 1940, targeted homes, churches, and historic places (Whitby Abbey).
Bombardment of non-combatants generated a wave of outrage and shock value. Being an island nation, the British possessed a certain immunity from distant battlefields. The coastline’s vulnerability suddenly became clear, igniting outrage that newspaper headlines amplified into ” Where was the Navy?” The German terror attack, a blend of strategy and psychological warfare, looked good on paper but, in principle, backfired.
Bottled Up and Nowhere to Go
Imperial German Navy battlecruiser SMS Derfflinger. Source: Wikimedia
As the Great War started in 1914, the German High Seas Fleet faced a severe disadvantage in the numbers game. Despite nearly two decades of German production, the Royal Navy outnumbered its opponent in tonnage and firepower. Should there be a decisive fleet action, Britain’s Grand Fleet could easily absorb losses. The Royal Navy’s overall superiority, plus German caution, helped keep the German Navy in port. Also, the Kaiser proved reluctant to risk his prized ships.
Given the strategic impasse, internal and public pressure mounted for action. Proof was needed to justify building this expensive fleet. The resulting compromise called for fast strikes by battlecruisers. This reduced the chance of a British-dominated battle and luring Royal Navy ships into a one-sided engagement.
The Why of the Raids
German strategic plan for bombardment. Source: Naval-history.net
The German strategy for the raid had multiple goals. First, lure smaller Royal Navy forces into a trap. German planners hoped to use Britain’s practice of quick reaction against them. The plan called for ships to slip in, attack, and flee using fast, heavily armed battlecruisers. In the following pursuit, the small British force chasing the hunters would meet the waiting guns of the High Seas Fleet.
Next, German planners hoped to demoralize British morale. An attack would create cracks in the Royal Navy’s image as Britain’s protector. As Allied planners in World War II found, collapsing civilian morale would prove difficult. Finally, Imperial Germany needed to show the High Seas Fleet’s reach. Mounting a successful raid could show the German ability to hit anywhere with ease. British Intelligence, having partially broken German naval codes, indicated a sortie but not the time or target.
Raiding the Yorkshire Coast
Shelling of Scarborough. Source: War History Online
With plans set, a split force headed for England’s Yorkshire coast. Each town ended up on a targeted list for either psychological reasons or military facilities. Of the three towns, only Hartlepool had coastal batteries. Upon the strikes, the Germans hoped to use speed, darkness, and bad weather to lure the British in.
The first German shells began hitting their targets in Scarborough (8 AM) and Hartlepool (8:10 AM). Whitby’s attack began at 9:05 AM. Hartlepool, with its limited defenses, endured about 1,150 rounds that hit the docks and steelworks. Whitby and Scarborough had streets, homes, and hotels hit. All three suffered extensive damage and casualties, with more than 130 people killed. Soon, shelling ended, and the German battlecruisers retired into the mist.
The Royal Response
Unbeknownst to their enemy, the Royal Navy sortied 4 battlecruisers before the raid. Even with the limited advanced warning, each side missed the other. As the Royal Navy maneuvered, the bombardment had concluded; the enemy ships turned to steam into the mist. Towards Germany.
Due to poor visibility and the limited warning, both sides passed within a few miles of each other. With no confrontation, creating frustration, and setting a tone for future battles.
British Indignation and German Blunder
WW1 Royal Navy recruitment poster. Source: Library of Congress
In Britain, a wave of indignation and anger swept the nation. As public outrage mounted, the Admiralty faced blistering criticism. How could the world’s biggest fail so badly? In Parliament, First Lord of the Admiralty Winston Churchill reassured the nation that the Royal Navy stood ready.
On the flip side, public anger led to a surge in enlistments. Also, cries and posters like “Remember Scarborough” appeared everywhere.
Germany claimed the raid as a victory. This boosted morale but ultimately proved a blunder. Britain’s Grand Fleet failed to catch the enemy squadron; public opinion hardened, and a belief in continuing the war emerged. The longer-term aftermath proved little. The crippling blockade still stood.
This and other raids only set the tone for a future historic clash at the Battle of Jutland.