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NASA’s Juno conducted its 58th close encounter with Jupiter (perijove) at the weekend and its final close flyby of Io‚ the innermost of Jupiter's four Galilean moons. Io is known for the volcanic activity that marks its surface‚ the first active volcanoes discovered beyond Earth. The latest photos have caught some of those volcanoes erupting.Juno has already performed a close flyby of Io‚ just over a month ago on December 30. Over the last year‚ Juno has progressively gotten closer to the volcanic moon‚ culminating in these last two observations with a specific goal: work out what goes on inside Io. In both cases‚ the spacecraft was about 1‚500 kilometers (930 miles) at its closest point to the moon. A zoomed-in version of the main image showing plumes from volcanosImage Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/SwRI/MSSS/AndreaLuck CC by 2.0Jupiter’s gravity and the effect of two of the other three Galilean moons (Europa and Ganymede) are believed to be the cause of the volcanism. A tidal tug-of-war is happening among the objects‚ heating up the interior of the moons. Europa’s under-ice ocean or Ganymede's unique magnetic field are also thought to be connected to the process.However‚ many uncertainties remain so the flyby is set to show if a global magma ocean exists under the surface of Io‚ breaking through in lava lakes and volcanoes.“Io is the most volcanic celestial body that we know of in our Solar System‚” Scott Bolton‚ Juno principal investigator from the Southwest Research Institute‚ said during an earlier approach to Io last year.“By observing it over time on multiple passes‚ we can watch how the volcanoes vary – how often they erupt‚ how bright and hot they are‚ whether they are linked to a group or solo‚ and if the shape of the lava flow changes.”While Juno’s original mission was to study Jupiter and its internal processes‚ as the mission was extended‚ the team was more daring in the close passages past the moon‚ ultimately providing the closest look at the moons in decades‚ as well as important new insights into their internal processes.The spacecraft has been around Jupiter since July 5‚ 2016‚ and it has many months of science left. Its orbit around the planet has been shorted too. It originally had a perijove every 53 days‚ this was reduced to 43 in 2021‚ to 38 in 2022‚ and from now on‚ it will be every 33 days. The second extended mission ends in September 2025.

NASA's Perseverance rover has captured an image of the Ingenuity helicopter's final resting place‚ after it stopped functioning late last month.Ingenuity was an impressive little robot‚ becoming the first to make a powered‚ controlled flight on a planet other than Earth in April 2021. That's no easy feat‚ given the wildly different conditions on Mars."The Red Planet has a significantly lower gravity – one-third that of Earth’s – and an extremely thin atmosphere with only 1% the pressure at the surface compared to our planet‚" NASA explained in a press release when Ingenuity made its first flight. "This means there are relatively few air molecules with which Ingenuity’s two 4-foot-wide (1.2-meter-wide) rotor blades can interact to achieve flight."The helicopter – really a prototype – was only planned to make five flights over 30 days‚ but ended up making 72 flights over 1‚000. It worked so well that NASA began using it to gain a bird's eye view of Mars and spot interesting areas for Perseverance to take a closer look at.Unfortunately‚ on the 72nd flight Ingenuity made an emergency landing‚ losing contact with Perseverance. When contact was re-established‚ photos from the helicopter showed that a rotor had been badly damaged‚ and Ingenuity would not fly again.Ingenuity‚ seen on the sand dune in the top left.Image credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/ASUOn February 4‚ NASA's Mars Perseverance rover photographed its partner on top of a sand dune in the Jezero Crater. RIP little buddy.[H/T: Space.com]

Valentine’s Day is fast approaching and in amongst the romantic gestures‚ fancy meals‚ and discount chocolate boxes‚ it’s easy to forget that not all relationships are perfect – some people will cheat. But are there particular traits that make them do so? Are they simply walking red flags‚ or are there more subtle indicators that they may one day stray? Let’s see what science says.They’re a narcissistThe term “narcissism” is bandied about a lot nowadays‚ but there’s a lot more to it than looking in the mirror and thinking‚ “Wow‚ what a sexy and cool individual” every so often. According to the Cambridge Dictionary‚ narcissism is “too much interest in and admiration for your own physical appearance and/or your own abilities.”Those abilities might involve someone thinking that they’re amazing in bed – regardless of their actual prowess. This is known as sexual narcissism and a 2014 study found that people with high levels of it are more likely to stray.Researchers James McNulty and Laura Widman followed 123 newlywed couples‚ some over the course of 4 years‚ measuring their sexually narcissistic traits and tracking their infidelity. The duo found that 5.3 percent of the participants cheated on their spouse‚ and those who had high levels of sexual narcissism were more likely to be part of that group.They’ve got too much “alone time” – or their partner has big ol’ ballsWhile we’re on the topic of sexual behavior‚ science also suggests that cracking one out on a regular basis might make someone more likely to cheat. Using machine learning‚ a 2021 study indicated that people who exhibited higher levels of solitary desire –  a fancy term that academics use to avoid saying “masturbation” – could be associated with an increased incidence of infidelity.If someone happens to be the partner on the receiving end of that cheating‚ research has also found that it could have something to do with having massive balls. Examining male primates and their female partners‚ researchers have found that “we can determine the degree of fidelity in the female by looking at the size of the male's testicles‚” explained zoologist Petter Bøckman in a statement. “The less faithful the female‚ the larger the male's testicles.”They’ve cheated beforeYou’ve probably heard the phrase “Once a cheat‚ always a cheat”‚ but is it backed up by science?Although it doesn’t mean for sure that someone will play away‚ a 2017 study indicated that having cheated previously does make it more likely they’ll do it again in future. Out of the 484 mixed-gender couples analyzed‚ 44 percent reported cheating at some point during the relationship – and those people were three times more likely to engage in infidelity again. “The past matters for relationships‚” study author Kayla Knopp said in a statement. “What we do at every step along the way in our romantic histories ends up influencing what comes next.” That being said‚ let’s end with a little disclaimer. The emphasis here is on “more likely” – “will cheat” isn’t anywhere to be found. If someone happens to fall into one of these categories‚ it’s not a guarantee that they’ll cheat‚ merely that research suggests they may be more prone to doing so. But if they happen to have an overinflated opinion of their sexual abilities‚ a questionable internet and relationship history‚ and you have big testicles‚ maybe approach with caution.All “explainer” articles are confirmed by fact checkers to be correct at time of publishing. Text‚ images‚ and links may be edited‚ removed‚ or added to at a later date to keep information current.